Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 5.

        The traditional “take – make – dispose” model has dominated global production for decades, but it is increasingly unsustainable. The circular economy offers an alternative by designing products that can be reused, repaired, or recycled. (1) _______. This approach not only reduces waste but also helps conserve valuable natural resources. Governments and companies are beginning to recognize the benefits of such systems, investing in new technologies and business models. (2) _______. Instead, the focus remains on how materials can circulate within the economy for as long as possible. (3) _______. For example, when electronics are collected and refurbished, they extend their lifespan and reduce the demand for raw minerals. (4) _______. In contrast, if societies continue to rely on linear consumption, the pressure on ecosystems will only intensify. (5) _______. By shifting toward circularity, communities can build resilience, create jobs, and move closer to a sustainable future.

(Adapted from World Economic Forum, “The Importance of a Circular Economy”)

Question 1.  A. Multiple organizations have reorganized their operational chains to limit waste, producing items that survive longer and are less complicated to mend

B.  Numerous companies have restructured their production systems to minimize refuse, developing goods that endure longer and are simpler to restore

C.  Various enterprises have reconfigured their distribution networks to decrease waste, generating products that persist longer and are more straightforward to fix

D.  Many firms have redesigned their supply chains to reduce waste, creating products that last longer and are easier to repair

Question 2.  A. Certain scholars contend that cooperation among industries is necessitated by circular systems, guaranteeing that refuse from one field transforms into resources for another

B.  Some researchers argue that collaboration across industries is required by circularity, ensuring that waste from one sector becomes raw material for another

C.  Various experts maintain that coordination between sectors is demanded by cyclical economies, confirming that byproducts from one industry convert to inputs for another

D.  Several analysts assert that partnership across fields is required by circular models, securing that waste from one domain becomes feedstock for another

Question 3.  A. This principle illustrates how circular practices generate both environmental and economic value, reinforcing the logic of sustainable production systems

B.  Such concepts demonstrate how cyclical approaches create ecological and financial benefits, strengthening the rationale for sustainable manufacturing methods

C.  These ideas show how circular methods produce environmental and commercial advantages, validating the reasoning behind sustainable production frameworks

D.  This framework exemplifies how recycling practices yield ecological and economic gains, confirming the foundation of sustainable manufacturing approaches

Question 4.  A. Were businesses to have adopted recycling strategies earlier, they would have precluded major resource reduction and decreased ecological harm

B.  Had enterprises implemented cyclical approaches sooner, they would have avoided substantial resource exhaustion and diminished ecological deterioration

C.  Should organizations have embraced circular models previously, they would have forestalled considerable resource consumption and lessened environmental damage

D.  If companies had adopted circular strategies earlier, they would have prevented significant resource depletion and reduced environmental degradation

Question 5.  A. Authorities need to develop stimuli that foster innovation while securing that industries maintain competitiveness in quickly transforming economies

B.  Regulators should create motivations that promote advancement while guaranteeing that sectors stay competitive in swiftly evolving markets

C.  Policymakers must design incentives that encourage innovation while ensuring that industries remain competitive in rapidly changing marketplaces

D.  Officials must establish inducements that stimulate progress while confirming that businesses preserve competitiveness in rapidly shifting commercial environments

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 6 to 15.

        Budget-setting in communities often pits intensity against fairness. Quadratic Voting (QV) offers a remedy by allocating each participant a fixed credit budget and converting credits to votes via square roots. Placing 100 credits on one line yields 10 votes; splitting 25 credits yields 5 votes, and so on. This non-linear conversion attenuates plutocratic sway while preserving voice. [I] Because costs rise faster than votes, citizens disclose how much they care, not merely what they prefer, within a shared, transparent budget constraint.

        Implementations vary. A “vote faucet” can issue valueless tokens solely for casting votes, or eligibility can be bounded to holders of certain NFTs or proven on-chain behaviors. Organisers may tier voting power by tenure, rewarding patient contributors. [II] Because votes scale with the square root of credits, intensity is expressed without letting large holders overwhelm outcomes. Administrative steps are straightforward: allocate credits, let people distribute them across options, compute squared costs, then tally roots – declaring the highest total the winner.

        QV’s expressiveness helps minority priorities surface in budget debates, yet design choices matter. Selective eligibility can incentivise participation but also create hierarchies that concentrated actors might game. By contrast, Quadratic Funding treats donations equally – many see that level playing field as both virtue and limitation when allocating money. [III] In QV, credits are uniform yet curatable, so communities can include more voices while dampening domination, provided safeguards against Sybil attacks and lobbying are specified ex ante.

        Effectiveness should be measured with turnout targets, distributional patterns across line items, and qualitative feedback on perceived legitimacy. Colorado House Democrats used a QV variant with virtual tokens to prioritise appropriations after 2018, producing clearer signals about salience. Ecosystem experiments, such as Fantom’s Gitcoin rounds, show scalable community budgeting with valueless voting tokens and anti-Sybil checks. [IV] When credits are intelligibly budgeted and metrics reviewed, QV can democratise agenda-setting without cash donations steering public choices.

(Adapted from Gitcoin, “Quadratic Voting: A How-To Guide”)

Question 6. The word attenuates in paragraph 1 mostly means ______.

A.  strongly weakens                                        B. slightly complicates

C.  marginally increases                                D. abruptly delays

Question 7. What does the square-root conversion primarily accomplish in budget decisions using QV?

A.  It maximises total votes by encouraging participants to spend all credits immediately.

B.  It equalises outcomes by converting every participant’s credits into exactly the same votes.

C.  It reveals intensity without allowing large stakes to translate into overwhelming vote power.

D.  It rewards diversification by penalising any attempt to support more than one item.

Question 8. According to paragraph 2, eligibility may be restricted to holders of ______.

A.  specific NFTs or addresses exhibiting certain verifiable on-chain behaviours publicly

B.  paper membership cards checked manually by volunteer moderators during voting

C.  anonymous email lists curated after tallying to reduce collusion incentives

D.  algorithmic lotteries assigning eligibility randomly once budgets have been finalised

Question 9. Which of the following best summarises paragraph 3?

A.  QV eliminates manipulation entirely by banning hierarchies and guaranteeing identical voice for every participant in all circumstances worldwide today.

B.  QF and QV produce the same fairness, because donations and credits are always treated uniformly under both methods across communities.

C.  Sybil attacks are trivial to prevent, so communities should prefer unrestricted eligibility whenever budgets must be prioritised quickly and cheaply.

D.  QV can surface minority priorities, but eligibility choices may create hierarchies; QF’s equal donations represent a debated “level playing field” alternative.

Question 10. What is tallied to determine the outcome?

A.  credits after squaring their totals                        B. the square roots of credits

C.  nominal donations from supporters                D. weighted tokens per eligible wallet

Question 11. Where in the passage does the following sentence best fit?

This keeps enthusiasm legible while curbing dominance by any single budget line.
A. [I]                        B. [II]                                C. [III]                        D. [IV]

Question 12. The phrase that level playing field in paragraph 3 refers to ______.

A.  NFT gating                B. equal donations                C. Sybil checks        D. vote faucet

Question 13. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

A.  Because QV eliminates strategic behavior, communities can ignore eligibility rules and metrics, trusting square-root math alone to deliver perfect fairness in every budgeting scenario universally.

B.  The Colorado example proves QV always prefers radical minorities, so public budgeting should adopt unrestricted credit limits and unlimited votes to amplify passionate voices everywhere.

C.  QV suits budget prioritisation where intensity matters, yet overall fairness depends on careful eligibility design and anti-Sybil measures that constrain domination without muting engagement too.

D.  Since QF levels money influence, combining it with QV would nullify minority expression, making both mechanisms redundant for community budgets and governance contexts in practice.

Question 14. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 2?

Because votes scale with the square root of credits, intensity is expressed without letting large holders overwhelm outcomes.

A.  Square-root counting converts every credit into a single vote so large accounts cannot gain more voice than small accounts.

B.  Because credits are allocated equally, voters who diversify across items always gain additional votes while concentrating credits inevitably reduces influence.

C.  The rule ensures richer participants automatically forfeit extra credits, thereby equalizing outcomes and forcing everyone to express identical intensities.

D.  By making vote totals grow with the square root of credits, the rule records strength of preference while preventing big allocations from swamping results.

Question 15. Which of the following best summarises the passage?

A.  QV allocates fixed credits, tallies square-root votes, and – if well designed – reveals intensity while tempering dominance in community budget prioritisation and governance.

B.  QV replaces budgeting with donations, guaranteeing identical influence and fully preventing manipulation regardless of eligibility, weighting choices, or anti-Sybil requirements across settings.

C.  The passage argues that NFTs are necessary for voting and that Colorado proved quadratic funding works best for legislative appropriations after elections.

D.  Budgets should be decided by unrestricted token-holder voting because square-root math guarantees fairness without eligibility curation or feedback metrics entirely.

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 16 to 23.

        In 2019, the United States registered roughly 320,000 new electric-vehicle sales, ranking behind China and Europe in overall scale. Battery-electric vehicles dominated the mix at about 73%, while plug-in hybrids made up the remaining 27%. Despite this volume, the national electric share of new-vehicle sales hovered near 2%, revealing a still-nascent transition. The figures indicate an uneven diffusion: impressive absolute numbers coexist with a modest market fraction, suggesting that consumer confidence, model choice, and policy scaffolding must interact before EVs become truly commonplace.

        Regional patterns were striking. West-coast uptake averaged about 7% – three-and-a-half times the national norm – with California alone accounting for nearly half of new EV sales. San Jose led with roughly 20%, and other California areas, alongside Seattle and Portland, ranged from 4.5% to 12%. Major metros such as Austin, Boston, Denver, Hartford, New York, Phoenix, and Washington,
D. C. exceeded the national average as well. In sheer additions to the fleet, Los Angeles topped the list, followed by San Francisco, San Jose, and New York, underscoring concentrated growth corridors.

        Model choice proved pivotal. Twenty-nine electric models surpassed 1,000 U.S. sales in 2019, up from 27 a year earlier; the top five markets each offered at least 25 models, while half the population could access fewer than 12. Greater availability of models is pivotal, and state-level zero-emission mandates are the most direct lever to overcome scarcity. The geographic heterogeneity of offerings compounds adoption gaps: where showrooms present a broad catalogue, consumers respond; where options are thin, curiosity rarely converts to purchase.

        Charging deployment kept pace: across 50 metropolitan areas, compounded annual growth around 30% positioned networks to narrow the expected gap through 2025. Areas with the highest EV shares generally maintained at least 450 public chargers per million residents; San Jose operated at roughly three times that benchmark, yet half of Americans lived where access was less than half the same yardstick. These activities – regulations, consumer incentives, infrastructure build-out, and awareness programs – attenuate uptake barriers. With upfront cost still salient, typical state incentives of $2,000–$5,000 helped bridge the purchase-price delta as batteries kept getting cheaper.

(Adapted from International Council on Clean Transportation, “Update on electric-vehicle adoption across U.S. cities,” 2019)

Question 16. The word heterogeneity in paragraph 3 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.

A.  diversity                B. disparity                        C. uniformity                        D. variety

Question 17. Which of the following is TRUE according to paragraph 1?

A.  Plug-in hybrids accounted for the majority of 2019 EV sales in the U.S.

B.  The national EV share of new sales was approximately two percent.

C.  The U.S. led both China and Europe in total EV sales during 2019.

D.  Consumer confidence was described as robust and already widespread.

Question 18. The word These activities in paragraph 4 refers to ______.

A.  only cash rebates offered by carmakers

B.  regulations, incentives, charging build-out, and awareness programs

C.  battery innovations and dealership promotions alone

D.  federal fuel-economy standards without state involvement

Question 19. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 3?

A.  Model diversity is crucial, with state ZEV mandates serving as the most effective mechanism to address supply constraints.

B.  Increasing the range of available models is essential, and state regulations provide the primary tool to expand offerings.

C.  Expanding model choice matters, and state ZEV rules most directly tackle limited availability.

D.  Model availability plays a key role, and state-mandated zero-emission targets most efficiently combat restricted access.

Question 20. The word uptake in paragraph 2 can be best replaced by ______?

A.  the measured rate at which consumers adopt and purchase EVs within a given metropolitan market context

B.  a casual curiosity among drivers that rarely results in concrete purchase behavior over multiple years

C.  the number of test drives booked by dealerships regardless of completed transactions or registrations

D.  public chatter about electrification trends that circulates online without influencing real buying decisions

Question 21. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 4 as an action reducing EV adoption barriers?

A.  State or local regulations that support zero-emission vehicles and charging access for drivers

B.  Financial and non-financial consumer incentives that shrink the upfront purchase price differential

C.  Rapid charging-network expansion to raise per-capita availability toward or above benchmark levels

D.  Government-funded research grants for battery chemistry breakthroughs and long-range prototype testing

Question 22. Which paragraph mentions disparities in model availability and the role of ZEV mandates?

A.  Paragraph 1        B. Paragraph 2                C. Paragraph 3                D. Paragraph 4

Question 23. Which paragraph mentions a specific per-capita charging benchmark used to gauge accessibility?
A. Paragraph 1        B. Paragraph 2                C. Paragraph 3                D. Paragraph 4

Read the following congratulatory letter and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 24 to 29.

Congratulations on Your Promotion!

Dear Marcus,

I was absolutely delighted to hear about your promotion to Regional Director! This achievement is a testament to your dedication, leadership skills, and the (24) ______ of hard work you have consistently demonstrated.

Over the past five years, I have watched you (25) ______ through challenges with grace and determination. Your ability to inspire your team while maintaining (26) ______ integrity has set you apart from your peers.

This promotion is not merely a title change (27) ______ a recognition of the transformative impact you have had on the organization. Your innovative approaches to problem-solving and your commitment to (28) ______ excellence have contributed significantly to the company’s success.

A.  Looking forward: I have no doubt that you will continue to excel in this new role and (29) ______ even greater achievements.

B.  Celebration: Let’s arrange a dinner to celebrate this milestone properly. You deserve recognition for this remarkable accomplishment!

Warmest congratulations,

Patricia

(Adapted from https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbescoachescouncil/congratulations-messages)

Question 24. A. sheer magnitude                                 B. magnitude sheer

C.  sheer large magnitude                         D. large sheer magnitude

Question 25. A. sail                         B. navigate                 C. voyage                 D. cruise

Question 26. A. impeccable ethical professional                 B. professional ethical impeccable         

C.  ethical impeccable professional                 D. impeccable professional ethical

Question 27. A. but                         B. or                         C. and                 D. nor

Question 28. A. fostering                 B. nurturing                 C. cultivating                 D. developing

Question 29. A. attain                 B. obtain                 C. gain                 D. secure

Read the following announcement and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 30 to 35.

National Campaign "Beat Plastic Pollution" – Environmental Action Month 2025

Join Hands to Reduce Plastic Waste – Spread the Green Lifestyle

The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment proudly launches the national "Beat Plastic Pollution" campaign on June 1st, 2025, in Quang Ninh Province. This ambitious initiative aims to tackle Vietnam’s plastic waste crisis through comprehensive community (30) ______ and systemic change.

The campaign will promote waste segregation practices at source, encourage the adoption of reusable alternatives, and support the development of a circular economy framework. Educational programs targeting schools, businesses, and residential communities will be (31) ______ throughout the month, featuring workshops, cleanup drives, and awareness-raising activities. 

Key objectives include reducing single-use plastic consumption by 30% within the year and establishing efficient recycling infrastructure in urban and rural areas. Local authorities, environmental NGOs, and private sector partners will (32) ______ to implement practical solutions (33) ______ can be sustained long-term.

Citizens (34) ______ about environmental preservation are encouraged to participate actively by modifying daily habits, supporting eco-friendly businesses, and (35) ______ others to embrace sustainable practices. Together, we can create lasting change for a cleaner, greener Vietnam. Learn more at https://english.nnmt.net.vn/.

(Adapted from https://english.nnmt.net.vn/)

Question 30.        A. engage                B. engagement        C. engaging                D. engaged

Question 31.        A. rolled out                B. turned out                C. carried out                D. figured out

Question 32.        A. link up                B. team up                C. pair up                D. match up

Question 33.        A. where                B. when                C. at which                D. which

Question 34.        A. passion                B. passionate                C. passionately        D. passions

Question 35.        A. inspiration                B. inspired                C. inspiring                D. inspire

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a cohesive and coherent text.

Question 36. Dear Ms Anderson,

A. The refund amount of $350 will be processed to your original payment method within 5-7 business days.

B. Please note that shipping fees are non-refundable as per our cancellation policy outlined on our website.

C. Your cancellation request for order #OR-4521 has been successfully confirmed and processed by our team.

D. If you have not received the refund by November 5th, please contact finance@ecommhub.com for further investigation.

e. We regret any inconvenience and appreciate your understanding regarding this matter.

Kind regards,

EcommHub Refunds Department

A.  c-e-a-b-d                        B. e-a-c-b-d                        C. c-a-b-d-e
D.  e-c-a-b-d

Question 37. a. During a field trip to a historical site, I wandered off from my group to explore an interesting area.

B. I figured I could find my way back easily, but within minutes I was completely disoriented in unfamiliar streets.

C. However, panic set in when I realized my phone battery had died and I had no map available.

D. That scary experience was memorable and taught me to always stay aware of my surroundings and plan ahead carefully.

e. Rather than panicking further, I asked local shopkeepers for directions and eventually reunited with my worried classmates.

A.  b-a-c-e-d                        B. a-b-c-d-e                        C. a-b-c-e-d                        D. d-a-b-c-e

Question 38. a. Isabella: That dress looks absolutely stunning on you! The color really suits your complexion.

B. Sophia: Thank you! I wasn’t sure about it at first, but your compliment has made me more confident.

C. Isabella: You should definitely wear it more often. It’s perfect for you!

A.  a-c-b                        B. c-a-b                        C. a-b-c                        D. b-a-c

Question 39. a. Meanwhile, wellness programmes integrated counselling, mindfulness, and recreation, addressing burnout and chronic stress at scale.

B. Ultimately, balanced schedules improved retention and productivity, while healthier routines reinforced community resilience over time.

C. Co-working near suburbs emerged, supporting freelancers, small teams, and parents returning after childbirth more gradually.

D. Employers piloted flexible hours and hybrid weeks, reducing commutes and widening caregiving options for parents.

e. As cities densify, Vietnamese workers reassess work–life balance, prioritising wellbeing alongside career ambitions and family.

A.  e-d-a-c-b                        B. e-d-c-a-b                        C. d-e-c-a-b                        D. e-c-d-a-b

Question 40. a. Layla: I agree, but spectating builds shared energy and community spirit.

B. Layla: Do you like watching or playing sports?

C. Carter: Watching is fun, but playing gives more excitement and health benefits.

D. Carter: Yes, sports in any form unite people emotionally.

e. Layla: So, both roles matter in keeping the spirit of sport alive.

A.  a-b-c-d-e                         B. a-b-d-c-e                         C. a-c-b-d-e                         D. b-c-a-d-e