Question 7. What does the square-root conversion primarily accomplish in budget decisions using QV? A. It maximises total votes by encouragi...

Question 2.  A. Certain scholars contend that cooperation among industries is necessitated by circular systems, guaranteeing that refuse from one field transforms into resources for another

B.  Some researchers argue that collaboration across industries is required by circularity, ensuring that waste from one sector becomes raw material for another

C.  Various experts maintain that coordination between sectors is demanded by cyclical economies, confirming that byproducts from one industry convert to inputs for another

D.  Several analysts assert that partnership across fields is required by circular models, securing that waste from one domain becomes feedstock for another

Question 3.  A. This principle illustrates how circular practices generate both environmental and economic value, reinforcing the logic of sustainable production systems

B.  Such concepts demonstrate how cyclical approaches create ecological and financial benefits, strengthening the rationale for sustainable manufacturing methods

C.  These ideas show how circular methods produce environmental and commercial advantages, validating the reasoning behind sustainable production frameworks

D.  This framework exemplifies how recycling practices yield ecological and economic gains, confirming the foundation of sustainable manufacturing approaches

Question 4.  A. Were businesses to have adopted recycling strategies earlier, they would have precluded major resource reduction and decreased ecological harm

B.  Had enterprises implemented cyclical approaches sooner, they would have avoided substantial resource exhaustion and diminished ecological deterioration

C.  Should organizations have embraced circular models previously, they would have forestalled considerable resource consumption and lessened environmental damage

D.  If companies had adopted circular strategies earlier, they would have prevented significant resource depletion and reduced environmental degradation

Question 5.  A. Authorities need to develop stimuli that foster innovation while securing that industries maintain competitiveness in quickly transforming economies

B.  Regulators should create motivations that promote advancement while guaranteeing that sectors stay competitive in swiftly evolving markets

C.  Policymakers must design incentives that encourage innovation while ensuring that industries remain competitive in rapidly changing marketplaces

D.  Officials must establish inducements that stimulate progress while confirming that businesses preserve competitiveness in rapidly shifting commercial environments

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 6 to 15.

        Budget-setting in communities often pits intensity against fairness. Quadratic Voting (QV) offers a remedy by allocating each participant a fixed credit budget and converting credits to votes via square roots. Placing 100 credits on one line yields 10 votes; splitting 25 credits yields 5 votes, and so on. This non-linear conversion attenuates plutocratic sway while preserving voice. [I] Because costs rise faster than votes, citizens disclose how much they care, not merely what they prefer, within a shared, transparent budget constraint.

        Implementations vary. A “vote faucet” can issue valueless tokens solely for casting votes, or eligibility can be bounded to holders of certain NFTs or proven on-chain behaviors. Organisers may tier voting power by tenure, rewarding patient contributors. [II] Because votes scale with the square root of credits, intensity is expressed without letting large holders overwhelm outcomes. Administrative steps are straightforward: allocate credits, let people distribute them across options, compute squared costs, then tally roots – declaring the highest total the winner.

        QV’s expressiveness helps minority priorities surface in budget debates, yet design choices matter. Selective eligibility can incentivise participation but also create hierarchies that concentrated actors might game. By contrast, Quadratic Funding treats donations equally – many see that level playing field as both virtue and limitation when allocating money. [III] In QV, credits are uniform yet curatable, so communities can include more voices while dampening domination, provided safeguards against Sybil attacks and lobbying are specified ex ante.

        Effectiveness should be measured with turnout targets, distributional patterns across line items, and qualitative feedback on perceived legitimacy. Colorado House Democrats used a QV variant with virtual tokens to prioritise appropriations after 2018, producing clearer signals about salience. Ecosystem experiments, such as Fantom’s Gitcoin rounds, show scalable community budgeting with valueless voting tokens and anti-Sybil checks. [IV] When credits are intelligibly budgeted and metrics reviewed, QV can democratise agenda-setting without cash donations steering public choices.

(Adapted from Gitcoin, “Quadratic Voting: A How-To Guide”)

Question 6. The word attenuates in paragraph 1 mostly means ______.

A.  strongly weakens                                        B. slightly complicates

C.  marginally increases                                D. abruptly delays

Question 8. According to paragraph 2, eligibility may be restricted to holders of ______.

A.  specific NFTs or addresses exhibiting certain verifiable on-chain behaviours publicly

B.  paper membership cards checked manually by volunteer moderators during voting

C.  anonymous email lists curated after tallying to reduce collusion incentives

D.  algorithmic lotteries assigning eligibility randomly once budgets have been finalised

Question 9. Which of the following best summarises paragraph 3?

A.  QV eliminates manipulation entirely by banning hierarchies and guaranteeing identical voice for every participant in all circumstances worldwide today.

B.  QF and QV produce the same fairness, because donations and credits are always treated uniformly under both methods across communities.

C.  Sybil attacks are trivial to prevent, so communities should prefer unrestricted eligibility whenever budgets must be prioritised quickly and cheaply.

D.  QV can surface minority priorities, but eligibility choices may create hierarchies; QF’s equal donations represent a debated “level playing field” alternative.

Question 10. What is tallied to determine the outcome?

A.  credits after squaring their totals                        B. the square roots of credits

C.  nominal donations from supporters                D. weighted tokens per eligible wallet

Question 11. Where in the passage does the following sentence best fit?

This keeps enthusiasm legible while curbing dominance by any single budget line.
A. [I]                        B. [II]                                C. [III]                        D. [IV]

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 5.

        The traditional “take – make – dispose” model has dominated global production for decades, but it is increasingly unsustainable. The circular economy offers an alternative by designing products that can be reused, repaired, or recycled. (1) _______. This approach not only reduces waste but also helps conserve valuable natural resources. Governments and companies are beginning to recognize the benefits of such systems, investing in new technologies and business models. (2) _______. Instead, the focus remains on how materials can circulate within the economy for as long as possible. (3) _______. For example, when electronics are collected and refurbished, they extend their lifespan and reduce the demand for raw minerals. (4) _______. In contrast, if societies continue to rely on linear consumption, the pressure on ecosystems will only intensify. (5) _______. By shifting toward circularity, communities can build resilience, create jobs, and move closer to a sustainable future.

(Adapted from World Economic Forum, “The Importance of a Circular Economy”)

Question 1.  A. Multiple organizations have reorganized their operational chains to limit waste, producing items that survive longer and are less complicated to mend

B.  Numerous companies have restructured their production systems to minimize refuse, developing goods that endure longer and are simpler to restore

C.  Various enterprises have reconfigured their distribution networks to decrease waste, generating products that persist longer and are more straightforward to fix

D.  Many firms have redesigned their supply chains to reduce waste, creating products that last longer and are easier to repair