Read the following announcement and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6.

University of Bristol: Important Changes to Library and IT Support

Following student feedback collected during Semester 1, we are implementing several improvements to campus services.

→ Extended Opening Hours: From 1st November, the Main Library will (1) ______ open until midnight on weekdays. This change responds to (2) ______ requests from postgraduate students requiring late-night study spaces.

→ IT Helpdesk Restructuring: The Technical Support team has been expanded. Students can now book appointments online (3) ______ visiting the helpdesk in person, which should significantly reduce waiting times.

→ New Study Spaces: We have created some (4) ______ on Level 3, specifically designed for group projects and collaborative work. These areas feature (5) ______ whiteboards, power outlets, and comfortable seating.

→ Feedback Welcome: We encourage all students to share their experiences using our online portal. Your input helps us (6) ______ our services to better meet your academic needs.

For queries, contact: student.services@bristol.ac.uk

(Based on genuine university communications, Russell Group institutions)

Question 1. A. keep                        B. stay                        C. maintain                D. remain

Question 2. A. numerous                B. countless                C. multiple                D. several

Question 3. A. rather than                B. in spite of                C. apart from                D. instead of

Question 4. A. additional study modern zones                B. modern additional        study zones

                 C. additional modern study zones                D. additional modern zones        study

Question 5. A. interactive large                                B. large interactive                        

         C. large and interactive                        D. an interactive large

Question 6. A. refine                B. reform                C. revise                D. restore

Read the following announcement and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

2025 P4G Vietnam Summit: Accelerating Green Growth and Climate Action

Event Overview: Scheduled for April 16–17, 2025, the P4G Vietnam Summit will assemble global leaders, policymakers, and environmental advocates to advance sustainable development goals. This high-level conference, (7) ______ in Hanoi’s National Convention Center, emphasizes climate finance, renewable energy transitions, and public-private partnerships. 

Thematic Focus Areas: Attendees will explore an impressive (8) ______ of topics spanning circular economy models, carbon neutrality strategies, and climate resilience frameworks. Distinguished speakers (9) ______ innovative solutions for bridging the climate finance gap in developing nations.

The summit represents a critical opportunity for (10) ______ to engage with international development agencies and impact investors. Participants can (11) ______ collaborative initiatives that drive measurable environmental outcomes while generating economic returns.

Early registration discounts are (12) ______ for organizations committing before March 1st. Secure your participation at https://p4gpartnerships.org/2025-p4g-vietnam-summit.

(Adapted from https://p4gpartnerships.org/2025-p4g-vietnam-summit)

Question 7.        A. take place                B. taking place        C. took place                D. to take place

Question 8.        A. breadth                B. expanse                C. magnitude                D. dimension

Question 9.        A. presented                B. presenting                C. will present        D. presents

Question 10.        A. stakeholders        B. participants        C. representatives        D. businesses

Question 11.        A. spearhead                B. pioneer                C. initiate                D. champion

Question 12.        A. extended                B. granted                C. rendered                D. furnished

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a cohesive and coherent text.

Question 13. a. International festivals spotlighted emerging Vietnamese auteurs, with prizes at Busan, Locarno, and regional showcases.

B. Consequently, the ecosystem signalled resilience, pairing entrepreneurial appetite with governance reforms and sustainable growth trajectories.

C. Co-working districts in District 1 and Thu Duc attracted accelerators, meetups, and early-stage product pilots.

D. Policy incubators, venture funds, and university labs collectively cultivated founders, mentors, and technical talent pipelines.

e. In the past decade, Ho Chi Minh City’s startup scene matured from experimentation to scale.

A.  e-d-c-a-b                        B. e-a-c-d-b                        C. d-e-a-c-b                        D. e-c-d-a-b

Question 14. Dear Ms. Patel,

A. Your scholarship will cover full tuition fees and provide a monthly stipend of $1,200 for living expenses throughout the programme.

B. To accept this offer, you must complete the online acceptance form and submit the required documentation by January 10th, 2026.

C. Congratulations! We are pleased to inform you that you have been selected as a recipient of the Chancellor’s Merit Scholarship.

D. The scholarship disbursement will commence upon your official enrolment, with the first payment processed within ten business days.

e. If you have questions about the scholarship terms or enrolment procedures, please contact our office at +44 20 7946 0958.

Best wishes,

Financial Aid Office

A.  a-c-b-d-e                        B. c-b-a-d-e                        C. c-a-b-d-e                        D. b-c-a-e-d

Question 15. a. Grace: Actually, I just received an email saying that Professor Martinez cancelled today’s lecture due to illness.

B. William: Oh really? Then I suppose we have some unexpected free time this afternoon.

C. William: Are you heading to the auditorium for the economics class right now?

A.  c-b-a                        B. a-c-b                        C. c-a-b                        D. b-c-a

Question 16. a. Sophia: Do you like living in the city or countryside?

B. Liam: The city is exciting, but the countryside offers peace and fresh air.

C. Sophia: Both deserve appreciation for their unique charms.

D. Liam: True, each setting reflects a different rhythm of life and values.

e. Sophia: I agree, but urban life brings more opportunities and convenience.

A.  a-b-c-d-e                         B. a-c-b-d-e                         C. a-b-e-d-c                         D. b-a-d-e-c

Question 17. a. During my first professional experience, I worked on a project team but rarely spoke up during meetings.

B. I assumed that staying under the radar and letting my work speak for itself would be sufficient.

C. However, I soon realized that my silence led to misunderstandings and my contributions went completely unrecognized.

D. That realization was a game-changer and taught me that effective communication is just as important as technical skills.

e. Consequently, I started actively participating in discussions and clearly articulating my ideas and concerns to everyone.

A.  a-b-c-e-d                        B. b-a-c-d-e                        C. a-b-c-d-e                        D. d-a-b-c-e

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22.

        Autonomous vehicles promise to reshape urban life in ways both exciting and uncertain. Cities built around private car ownership may see reduced traffic congestion and lower emissions. (18) _______. Engineers continue refining sensors that detect pedestrians, cyclists, and unexpected obstacles in real time. Regulators debate liability rules when software, not a driver, makes split-second decisions. Early adopters praise the convenience of summoning a driverless taxi through an app. (19) _______. Manufacturers then accelerate production timelines and lobby for favorable policies in multiple regions. However, this shift raises concerns about job displacement and data privacy. Thousands of professional drivers fear losing their livelihoods to algorithms. (20) _______. Urban planners and labor representatives hold public forums to discuss retraining programs, not just cost savings. Policymakers weigh safety benefits against the social disruption of rapid automation. (21) _______. Transit agencies also coordinate with tech firms–sharing road data, usage patterns, and maintenance protocols. When collaboration respects community input, cities can adopt innovation while protecting vulnerable workers. (22) _______.

(Adapted from City Journal, "Self-Driving Cars and the Future of Cities")

Question 18. A. Meanwhile, advanced connectivity and affordable computing power make autonomous technology increasingly accessible to more vehicle manufacturers

B.  Simultaneously, improved communication infrastructure and cost-effective processing capabilities expand self-driving technology availability across the automotive industry

C.  Concurrently, enhanced network connectivity and economical computational resources enable broader autonomous vehicle development among automakers

D.  At the same time, sophisticated data transmission and reasonably-priced computing enable growing numbers of manufacturers to develop autonomous systems

Question 19. A. Media coverage of successful pilot programs enhances investor confidence and attracts venture capital to autonomous vehicle startups

B.  Press reporting on effective trial runs strengthens financial backing and draws investment funding toward self-driving technology companies

C.  News documentation of positive test results increases market confidence and channels capital resources into autonomous transportation ventures

D.  Journalistic accounts of promising demonstrations boost stakeholder trust and direct private equity toward automated vehicle enterprises

Question 20. A. These public forums, which educate residents about autonomous fleet operations, help them understand the technology before widespread implementation

B.  Such community discussions, which inform citizens about self-driving vehicle systems, enable them to comprehend the innovation prior to broad adoption

C.  These stakeholder meetings, which familiarize populations with automated transportation, allow them to grasp the technology before extensive deployment

D.  Such participatory sessions, which teach communities about driverless technology, prepare them to understand the systems before general rollout

Question 21. A. Communities are explained a comprehensive transition strategy through public meetings, ensuring transparency about implementation timelines and potential impacts

B.  Stakeholders are communicated a detailed adaptation plan via town halls, providing clarity regarding deployment schedules and anticipated consequences

C.  Residents are presented with a thorough conversion roadmap through civic forums, offering transparency concerning rollout timeframes and expected effects

D.  Populations are conveyed a complete transformation blueprint via community sessions, guaranteeing openness about introduction phases and likely outcomes

Question 22. A. Strong coalitions encourage stakeholders to engage in dialogue about ethics, ensuring that automation serves public interests rather than only corporate profits

B.  Robust partnerships facilitate communication among participants regarding moral considerations, guaranteeing that technology benefits society beyond commercial gains

C.  Effective alliances promote discussion between parties concerning ethical dimensions, ensuring that innovation advances collective welfare over private advantage

D.  Solid collaborations foster conversation among groups about responsibility issues, guaranteeing that development prioritizes communal benefit over business revenue

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

        Across 2024, austerity has become orthodoxy, and ODA finds itself an expedient scapegoat. Donors signal retrenchment just as compound crises – conflict, displacement, and climate volatility – ratchet up demand for predictable finance. Citizens, meanwhile, need lucidity on metrics and mandates to hold governments to account rather than acquiesce to euphemisms about “efficiency.” Cutting aid today trades short-term savings for long-term global instability and foregone human potential. The ethical question is inseparable from the strategic one: in an interdependent world, neglected vulnerabilities boomerang.

        ODA – public finance from wealthier to lower-income countries – must be development-oriented and predominantly concessional, excluding military or purely commercial pursuits. It can be bilateral or pooled through multilateral banks and initiatives, from the World Bank to regionally focused lenders and global health alliances such as Gavi’s child-vaccination drives. Crucially, concessionality implies below-market terms and a meaningful grant element, mitigating debt distress while enabling investments in resilient health systems, inclusive education, and climate adaptation. When well-targeted, such aid catalyzes local capacity rather than institutional dependency.

        Since the 1970s, the OECD has urged donors to allocate 0.7% of GNI to ODA, a goal rarely attained. Although totals reached a record in 2023, it masks reallocation: exceptional flows to Ukraine and a surge in “in-donor refugee costs” (IDRC) now counted as aid. While assisting refugees is moral and necessary, booking those expenditures as ODA can distort trends and displace resources from development overseas. The headline number looks buoyant, yet the underlying composition signals mission drift and shrinking external impact.

        Case studies crystallize the tension. The UK capped ODA at 0.5% of GNI and allowed IDRC to consume an outsized share; France floated austere trims amid fiscal strain and political turmoil; Germany proposed deep reductions to development and humanitarian lines. The EU also reallocated portions of “Global Europe” toward migration-related initiatives. Still, counter-currents exist: Norway maintains 1% of GNI for ODA, Denmark raised its IDA pledge, and several Southern European donors expanded commitments – evidence that resolve, not capacity alone, determines generosity.

(Adapted from Global Citizen: “The Global Safety Net Frays as European Countries Cut Aid,” and the supplied excerpt)

Question 23. Which of the following is TRUE according to paragraph 2?

A.  ODA routinely funds commercial ventures that guarantee market-rate returns.

B.  ODA excludes military activities and emphasizes development outcomes.

C.  ODA is defined only as bilateral transfers between governments.

D.  ODA primarily aims to increase donor exports through tied loans.

Question 24. The word concessional in paragraph 2 can be best replaced by ______?

A.  subsidized                B. punitive                        C. nominal                        D. extractive

Question 25. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 3 as inflating headline ODA totals?

A.  Exceptional allocations to Ukraine

B.  Counting in-donor refugee costs

C.  Donors broadly achieving the 0.7% target

D.  Reallocation that shifts funds away from external development

Question 26. The word it in paragraph 3 refers to ______.

A.  the OECD’s 0.7% recommendation                B. total reported ODA in 2023

C.  in-donor refugee costs (IDRC)                        D. the goal rarely attained

Question 27. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 1?

A.  Reducing aid achieves immediate fiscal relief at the expense of sustained international stability and developmental progress.

B.  Trimming aid may ease budgets now, but it seeds future insecurity and wastes human potential worldwide.

C.  Aid reductions generate near-term budgetary gains while incurring deferred costs in security and untapped human capacity.

D.  Curtailing assistance delivers short-run savings but compromises future stability and squanders opportunities for human development.

Question 28. The word austere in paragraph 4 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.

A.  lavish                B. frugal                        C. stringent                        D. ascetic

Question 29. Which paragraph mentions donors that are increasing or maintaining robust commitments despite the trend?

A.  Paragraph 1        B. Paragraph 2                C. Paragraph 3                D. Paragraph 4

Question 30. Which paragraph mentions how counting refugee expenditures inside donor countries can distort aid figures?

A.  Paragraph 1        B. Paragraph 2                C. Paragraph 3                D. Paragraph 4

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

        With Congress stalled, the task of disciplining AI has sloughed to courts and states. After a federal judge let a wrongful-death suit against Character.AI and Google proceed, many took it as a harbinger of tort-centric governance. [I] For open-source communities – whose code, weights, and prompts propagate at internet speed – the question is not merely moral but juridical: could maintainers or small deployers be cast as negligent when anthropomorphic design, weak guardrails, and adolescent users intermix in volatile ways rarely anticipated ex ante?

        Historically, tort law has adapted, toggling between negligence and strict liability. Negligence asks whether a developer exercised reasonable care given foreseeability, gravity of harm, and the burden of safeguards. Strict liability dispenses with that inquiry when activities are abnormally dangerous. [II] Rhode Island’s S0358 flirts with a quasi-strict approach and a “rebuttable presumption of mental state,” easing plaintiffs’ burdens where opaque models frustrate proof. For open-source actors, such presumptions could transmogrify distribution into de facto risk, even when upstream contributors acted with evident prudence.

        States are also experimenting with ex-ante compliance levers. New York’s RAISE Act would police “frontier” models and mandate written safety protocols; California’s SB 813 moots a safe harbor for developers who align with third-party standards, even if uncodified. [III] By dangling liability shields for those who merely ‘comply’ with third-party protocols, lawmakers risk rewarding paperwork over prudence. In heterogeneous, fast-iterating open-source ecosystems, that dynamic could induce accountability theatre, privileging template audits over context-sensitive threat modeling, or nudging small teams to withdraw rather than navigate proliferating checklists.

        Fragmentation compounds the dilemma. With more than a thousand state-level AI bills, nationwide deployers face jurisdictional landmines, while small open-source projects lack compliance muscle. [IV] Some urge federal preemption – a ten-year state moratorium and uniform standards – arguing clarity will deter forum-shopping and stabilize incentives; others warn premature centralization could ossify best practices before they mature. Meanwhile, shortages of independent auditors and uneven Attorney-General expertise threaten erratic enforcement. In such a polycentric landscape, tort suits may, by default, calibrate responsibility post hoc.

(Adapted from https://ai-frontiers.org/articles/options-for-ai-liability)

Question 31. The word harbinger in paragraph 1 mostly means ______.

A.  ominously predictive                                B. loosely descriptive

C.  mildly celebratory                                        D. oddly retrospective

Question 32. Where in the passage does the following sentence best fit?

That leaves open-source maintainers wondering whether releasing model weights itself makes them ‘manufacturers’ in the eyes of tort law.

A.  [I]                        B. [II]                                C. [III]                        D. [IV]

Question 33. Which of the following best summarises paragraph 2?

A.  It contrasts negligence and strict liability, noting how Rhode Island’s bill lowers proof burdens that opaque models currently exacerbate.

B.  It claims negligence has collapsed and that only strict liability can regulate rapidly evolving artificial intelligence models across jurisdictions today.

C.  It explains why tort law cannot evolve further and urges courts to abandon long-standing doctrines that no longer fit technological realities.

D.  It details criminal sanctions for AI harm and argues prosecutors should replace civil courts as primary risk regulators nationwide.

Question 34. What does the Rhode Island bill attempt to overcome?

A.  Proof burdens created by model opacity        B. High insurance costs for startups

C.  Patent trolls targeting AI libraries                D. The lack of federal judges

Question 35. According to paragraph 3, California’s SB 813 would shield developers who comply with ______.

A.  non-binding third-party safety standards prior to broad model deployment in commerce

B.  federal regulations promulgated by Congress and binding nationwide immediately upon passage

C.  proprietary vendor checklists approved by the Attorney General personally each month

D.  industry codes of conduct enforced exclusively through private arbitration tribunals

Question 36. What is a likely consequence for small open-source teams under proliferating state checklists?
A. Retreating from release rather than navigating duplicative audits and persistent auditor bottlenecks

B.  Rapidly scaling compliance headcount through effortless grant funding and university secondments

C.  Seamlessly harmonising every requirement using a single, universally accepted template

D.  Outsourcing governance entirely to package managers without any internal risk assessment

Question 37. The phrase accountability theatre in paragraph 3 refers to ______.

A.  paper compliance                                        B. real safety

C.  regulatory certainty                                D. auditor independence

Question 38. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

A.  Without federal preemption, heterogeneous state regimes may raise fixed compliance costs that disproportionately pressure open-source projects to limit releases or avoid certain jurisdictions.

B.  Strict liability will immediately eliminate forum-shopping because plaintiffs cannot sue in multiple courts when similar state standards remain ambiguous and unevenly enforced.

C.  Auditor shortages will likely vanish once checklists proliferate, since market incentives always attract sufficient experts to meet intricate verification obligations.

D.  A moratorium on state regulation guarantees safer models because companies universally prioritise voluntary protocols over commercial deadlines and revenue objectives.

Question 39. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 3?

A.  Offering safe harbors for box-ticking adherence may incentivize formal documentation rather than careful risk judgments that actually reduce harm.

B.  When third-party protocols are mandated, developers invariably produce flawless systems so additional prudential safeguards would be redundant and inefficient.

C.  Legal immunity should follow any compliance effort because paperwork is reliable evidence of sound engineering across complex sociotechnical contexts.

D.  The presence of liability shields guarantees innovation, ensuring audits always prioritize context-specific threat modeling over standardized reporting requirements.

Question 40. Which of the following best summarises the passage?

A.  Courts and states are improvising AI liability; proposed shields risk performative compliance, fragmenting burdens for open-source actors while sparking calls for cautious federal preemption.

B.  Federal law has already solved AI liability, and states simply administer identical rules that unequivocally protect open-source developers from all tort claims.

C.  Open-source distribution renders negligence obsolete; strict liability should replace all doctrines to guarantee compensation regardless of developer intent or safeguards.

D.  Auditor scarcity and state bills make litigation impossible, so AI governance should rely solely on private certification markets without court involvement.