Read the following announcement and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6.

Dear Sarah,

I was sorry to hear that you’ve been (1) ______ the weather lately. I know how frustrating it must be to miss so much work because of recurring migraines. Since you asked for suggestions, I’d like to share what helped me when I was struggling with similar issues last year.

A. Lifestyle Adjustments

Try to get (2) ______ sleep each night – doctors recommend between seven and nine hours for adults. Irregular sleep patterns can trigger headaches. 

B. Dietary Changes

Keep a food diary to identify potential triggers. Many people find that cutting out caffeine or processed foods makes (3) ______ difference. You might want to consult a nutritionist who specialises in migraine management.

C. Stress Management

Consider taking up yoga or meditation, (4) ______ both have been clinically proven to reduce migraine frequency. My colleague swears by some (5) ______ that she learned from a therapist.

I’d be happy to put you in touch (6) ______ my doctor if you’d like a second opinion. Don’t hesitate to call if you need anything – even just someone to talk to.

Take care of yourself.

With love,

Emma

(Adapted from patient support communications, Migraine Trust UK)

Question 1. A. under                B. below                C. beneath                D. down

Question 2. A. sufficient                B. adequate                C. ample                D. considerable

Question 3. A. a considerable        B. a tangible                C. a marginal                D. a nominal

Question 4. A. since                        B. while                C. as                        D. for

Question 5. A. exercises simple breathing effective        B. simple effective breathing exercises

         C. simple effective exercises breathing        D. effective simple breathing exercises

Question 6. A. with                        B. to                        C. at                        D. for

Read the following announcement and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

TECHFEST Vietnam 2025: Vietnam’s Premier Startup and Innovation Festival

TECHFEST Vietnam 2025 stands as the nation’s most influential gathering (7) ______ startups, venture capitalists, and technology innovators unite to accelerate breakthrough solutions. This annual festival, (8) ______ across multiple venues in Hanoi, will spotlight the dynamic spirit of Vietnamese entrepreneurship. 

Participants will encounter a diverse (9) ______ of activities including Demo Day presentations, mentorship sessions with successful founders, and exclusive workshops on fundraising strategies. The event aims to (10) ______ meaningful connections between early-stage ventures and potential investors seeking high-growth opportunities in Vietnam’s thriving tech ecosystem.

Whether you’re an aspiring founder ready to (11) ______ your innovative idea or an investor exploring emerging markets, TECHFEST offers invaluable resources. Technology (12) ______ from leading corporations will also showcase their latest products and services.

For detailed schedules and registration, visit https://techfestvietnam.org/.

(Adapted from https://english.vov.vn/en/society/techfest-vietnam-2025-to-spotlight-startups-and-spirit-of-innovation-post1236357.vov)

Question 7.        A. where                B. in which                C. at which                D. that

Question 8.        A. held                B. taking place        C. organized                D. hosted

Question 9.        A. array                B. batch                C. cluster                D. suite

Question 10.        A. cultivate                B. foster                C. facilitate                D. promote

Question 11.        A. launch                B. roll out                C. unveil                D. bring forth

Question 12.        A. delegates                B. exhibitors                C. representatives        D. professionals

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a cohesive and coherent text.

Question 13. a. Timothy: That’s wonderful news! I’ve been working really hard on mathematics this semester.

B. Timothy: Ms. Chen, have the results from last week’s mathematics examination been posted yet?

C. Ms. Chen: Yes, they’re available online now. You scored ninety-two percent, which is outstanding.

A.  b-c-a                        B. a-b-c                        C. c-b-a                        D. b-a-c

Question 14. a. Meanwhile, community-based experiences and green standards diversified offerings, dispersing benefits beyond traditional hubs.

B. Local operators upgraded hygiene protocols, digital booking tools, and training to reassure international visitors.

C. After the pandemic, Vietnam’s tourism recovery gathered pace, rebuilding confidence across destinations and segments.

D. Sustained revival now hinges on connectivity, service quality, and balancing volume with environmental stewardship.

e. Visa waivers, flight resumptions, and marketing campaigns reignited demand from regional and long-haul markets.

A.  c-e-b-a-d                        B. c-b-e-a-d                        C. e-c-b-a-d                        D. c-e-a-b-d

Question 15. a. Noah: I’d love to study abroad, but local universities have improved a lot.

B. Noah: Yes, that experience helps build independence and adaptability.

C. Isabella: True, but studying abroad offers broader cultural exposure.

D. Isabella: Would you rather study abroad or stay in your home country?

e. Isabella: I guess both options shape one’s growth in different ways.

A.  a-b-c-d-e                         B. a-b-d-c-e                         C. d-a-c-b-e                         D. a-c-b-e-d

Question 16. Dear Mr. Thompson,

A. All submitted documents will undergo a thorough evaluation by our scholarship assessment panel over the next three weeks.

B. We acknowledge receipt of your scholarship application for the Global Excellence Programme, submitted on October 20th, 2025.

C. Should you need to update any information or submit additional supporting documents, please email scholarships@institution.org before November 5th.

D. Applicants must ensure all academic transcripts are officially certified and translated into English where applicable.

e. Final results will be announced via email by November 30th, and successful candidates will receive detailed instructions thereafter.

Warm regards,

Scholarship Committee

A.  b-d-a-c-e                        B. d-b-a-e-c                        C. b-a-d-e-c                        D. a-b-d-c-e

Question 17. a. In my internship role, I submitted what I considered an excellent marketing proposal to my direct supervisor.

B. I had worked tirelessly on it, expecting positive feedback and immediate approval for implementation at minimum.

C. Such criticism was initially painful but ultimately helped me develop resilience and openness to different perspectives today.

D. Yet my supervisor tore it apart in our meeting, pointing out fundamental flaws in my market research.

e. Instead of taking it personally, I asked specific questions about improvements and revised the entire proposal completely.

A.  a-b-d-c-e                        B. c-a-b-d-e                        C. b-a-d-e-c                        D. a-b-d-e-c

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22.

        Renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydropower are reshaping how we think about electricity. They offer cleaner alternatives to fossil fuels and help reduce greenhouse gas emissions. (18) _______. As more countries invest in green infrastructure, the cost of these technologies continues to drop. Governments and private companies are racing to build solar farms and offshore wind turbines. (19) _______. This shift not only benefits the environment but also creates jobs in engineering, maintenance, and research. However, renewable systems depend heavily on weather conditions. (20) _______. That’s why energy storage and smart grids are essential to balance supply and demand. Some communities have already adopted battery systems to store excess power. In one pilot program, engineers showed local residents how to monitor usage and adjust consumption. (21) _______. These efforts help people understand their energy footprint and make informed choices. With the right support, even small towns can transition to sustainable models. (22) _______.

(Adapted from https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/renewable-energy/)

Question 18. A. It is both environmental imperatives and economic motivations that propel their growth

B.  It is ecological concerns as well as financial considerations that result in their expansion

C.  It is sustainability priorities alongside market forces that their development stems from

D.  It is climate objectives combined with commercial factors that their advancement emerges from

Question 19. A. The surge in demand has stimulated innovation across numerous industrial sectors

B.  The increase in requirements has encouraged technological advancement throughout various fields

C.  The growth in interest has fostered creative development across multiple industries

D.  The rise in need has promoted technical breakthroughs in diverse economic areas

Question 20. A. Weather conditions can be unpredictable, and this affects their power output

B.  Climate patterns may be variable, and this influences their energy generation

C.  Atmospheric factors might be inconsistent, and this impacts their electricity production

D.  Meteorological elements could be irregular, and this alters their power supply

Question 21. A. The engineers provided the residents with guidance on reducing their energy expenses

B.  The engineers offered the residents advice concerning how to lower their utility costs

C.  The engineers gave the residents recommendations about decreasing their power bills

D.  The engineers supplied the residents with suggestions regarding minimizing their electricity charges

Question 22. A. A full-scale rollout was managed to be approved by the local council

B.  A comprehensive implementation was succeeded in being authorized by the local council

C.  A complete deployment was able to be endorsed by the local council

D.  A widespread installation was arranged to be sanctioned by the local council

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

        Across much of the globe, internet connectivity now permeates daily life: households go online, workplaces rely on cloud systems, and civic forums migrate to digital venues. After 2011, when a UN resolution framed access as integral to expression and transparency, many commentators began to treat connectivity as quasi-constitutional. While the declaration was nonbinding, its normative force has been potent, recasting the web not as a luxury but as infrastructural to democratic participation, social ties, and the discovery of knowledge in an increasingly digitized commons.

        Yet access remains starkly unequal. Rural regions lacking infrastructure, residents of poorer states, and especially people in carceral settings face restrictions. In many U.S. prisons, inmates are fully offline; some are disciplined when relatives post for them. Others dictate blog posts via phone or mail essays to friends, while a few obtain contraband phones, risking severe sanctions. Limited, pay-to-use tablets and closed intranets sometimes exist, but time caps and fees can be onerous for prisoners and their families.

        Critics voice public-safety anxieties – contraband, harassment, or digital fraud – if prisons liberalize access. Those concerns, however, can be tempered by design choices: whitelists, purpose-built apps, logging, and geofenced devices. Properly supervised systems could expand access without unleashing the very harms critics dread. Such guardrails preserve accountability while enabling transformative functions: taking credited courses, practicing language skills, building baseline digital literacy, and maintaining pro-social ties beyond the cellblock. In short, supervision and customization allow utility without conceding security.

        Educational exposure and lawful online practice correlate with lower recidivism; giving inmates structured access cultivates skills they can parlay into work after release. Digital coursework can curb idle time without expanding costly classrooms, and curated platforms accustom users to the etiquette of contemporary communication. Over time, better-prepared individuals reenter communities, reducing churn and improving collective safety. The aggregate effect is not merely personal uplift but institutional stabilization, as fewer people cycle back through overburdened facilities.

(Adapted from federalcriminaldefenseattorney.com)

Question 23. Which of the following is TRUE according to paragraph 1?

A.  The UN imposed legal penalties on countries that block the internet.

B.  Internet access was unanimously made a constitutional right worldwide.

C.  The UN’s stance reshaped norms by casting connectivity as essential to public life.

D.  The resolution mandated free broadband for all households.

Question 24. The word tempered in paragraph 3 can be best replaced by ______?

A.  moderated                B. intensified                        C. inflamed                        D. exacerbated

Question 25. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 2 as a way inmates get messages online?

A.  Relatives posting on their behalf                        B. Dictating posts over the phone

C.  Mailing pieces to friends for uploading                D. Accessing open prison Wi-Fi networks

Question 26. The word its in paragraph 1 refers to ______.

A.  internet connectivity                                B. democratic participation

C.  the UN resolution                                        D. digital venues

Question 27. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 3?

A.  Adequate supervision enables broader connectivity while mitigating the risks that skeptics commonly identify.

B.  Controlled implementation of access can balance openness with safeguards, addressing concerns about potential misuse.

C.  With rigorous oversight, wider access is feasible without triggering the specific dangers opponents anticipate.

D.  Well-designed oversight mechanisms allow expanded access while preventing the adverse outcomes that critics emphasize.

Question 28. The word curb in paragraph 4 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.

A.  amplify                B. validate                        C. streamline                        D. temper

Question 29. Which paragraph mentions the international rights framing of internet access by the UN?

A.  Paragraph 1        B. Paragraph 2                C. Paragraph 3                D. Paragraph 4

Question 30. Which paragraph mentions that design and monitoring can address safety risks while enabling benefits?

A.  Paragraph 1        B. Paragraph 2                C. Paragraph 3                D. Paragraph 4

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

        In US rental markets, tenants now navigate platforms and “revenue management” tools that determine prices with machine-like indifference. The Department of Justice’s 2024 complaint against RealPage alleges a 21st-century form of coordinated pricing that turns vacancy into leverage rather than relief. If price signals are gamed, competition is not corrected but curdled, and year-over-year spikes feel ineluctable. [I] For renters, the resulting asymmetry – opaque inputs, irreversible recommendations – creates a sense that the market is not merely impersonal; it is actively steered against them.

        RealPage’s software, used across vast multifamily portfolios, stitches together nonpublic data to issue daily rent “guidance.” Clients’ coverage of investment-grade units yields a hegemonic influence over local markets, while default auto-accept settings normalize compliance. According to the DOJ narrative, instead of lowering prices when units languish, the model suppresses availability, thereby manufacturing shortage: this scarcity is then used to justify higher list prices. [II] Declining a recommendation often requires written justification and managerial escalation, making deviation costly, conspicuous, and, in practice, rare.

        Antitrust doctrine, however, still chases evidence of explicit promises. The catch-22 is well known: without discovery you cannot prove a conspiracy; without proof you cannot get discovery. Yet tenants’ filings describe these channels – online forums, standing committees, and a splashy RealPage “RealWorld” conference – where competitors purportedly compare assumptions and harmonize tactics. [III] If courts treat such environments as “collusive communications,” the algorithm would be not a neutral calculator but an accelerant, translating shared inputs into industry-wide, vacancy-proof price floors.

        Alternatives exist: Public, open-source pricing models could set guardrails: real-time affordability metrics, truth-in-pricing transparency, and standardized, auditable datasets. If algorithms were tasked to privilege affordability over yield, rents would likely trend downward across comparable units, provided transparent datasets constrained opportunistic manipulation. Pilots would require federal support, municipal capacity-building, and landlord reporting on demand elasticity so that tenant responses actually recalibrate prices. [IV] Because markets differ, linear and nonlinear models must be locally tuned rather than imposed as one-size-fits-all templates, with consumer-protection agencies updating rules for algorithmic collusion.

(Adapted from Nichole Nelson & Bakari Levy, “How Algorithms and Monopolies Hurt Tenants – and How Tech Can Help,” NCRC, Dec 19, 2024)

Question 31. The word hegemonic in paragraph 2 mostly means ______.

A.  moderately contested                                B. marginally influential

C.  largely ceremonial                                D. overwhelmingly dominant        

Question 32. Where in the passage does the following sentence best fit?

Critics argue that vacancy should discipline prices, yet software can invert that logic by treating withheld supply as proof of ‘premium’ demand.

A.  [I]                        B. [II]                                C. [III]                        D. [IV]

Question 33. Which of the following best summarises paragraph 1?

A.  Landlords suffer because algorithms routinely underprice and depress rental revenues.

B.  Tenants misunderstand pricing tools that merely mirror ordinary market fluctuations.

C.  DOJ allegations recast vacancy as leverage, revealing a market steered against renters.

D.  Listing platforms reduce search costs, restoring transparency to urban housing markets.

Question 34. What is RealPage chiefly alleged to have done?

A.  Improved tenant credit scores
B.  Facilitated algorithmic price-fixing        

C.  Subsidised affordable housing                        D. Eliminated data collection

Question 35. According to paragraph 2, when units remain vacant, the revenue model ______.

A.  discourages lowering rents by recommending fewer leases at higher prices

B.  mandates deep discounts after thirty days of continuous, documented vacancy

C.  shifts marketing budgets toward amenities to boost long-term tenant retention

D.  allows managers to undercut rivals without documenting any internal rationale

Question 36. What structural hurdle impedes enforcement, as outlined in paragraph 3?

A.  Algorithms cannot be subpoenaed because they are proprietary trade secrets

B.  State courts refuse to hear cases involving national rental platforms

C.  Tenants lack standing to file suits against large property managers

D.  Proof standards demand evidence inaccessible without prior discovery authority

Question 37. The phrase this scarcity in paragraph 2 refers to ______.

A.  demand surge
B.  limited availability                                

C.  unit quality                                                D. tenant churn

Question 38. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

A.  If landlords adopted linear models, courts would automatically deem all algorithmic coordination lawful, eliminating antitrust concerns entirely.

B.  Federal agencies already maintain real-time rent dashboards, making additional transparency and data standards largely redundant for affordability goals.

C.  Effective pro-tenant pricing tools would likely require public funding, standardized data, and landlord reporting so market responses actually feed back into pricing.

D.  Eliminating conferences and committees would immediately remove any possibility of collusion, even if shared data still trains pricing algorithms.

Question 39. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4?

Pilots would require federal support, municipal capacity-building, and landlord reporting on demand elasticity so that tenant responses actually recalibrate prices.

A.  Pilots can run locally without federal help or landlord reporting because prices will reset automatically regardless of tenant reactions.

B.  For pilots to work, they need national backing, stronger city capacity, and landlord data on demand sensitivity so tenant behavior feeds back into pricing.

C.  Success hinges only on federal rent caps; city capacity and market data are unnecessary for effective price regulation mechanisms.

D.  Pilots should rely on tenant self-reports about supply elasticity, not landlords, and can skip federal involvement entirely for efficiency.

Question 40. Which of the following best summarises the passage?

A.  Federal affordability standards already ensure real-time price fairness, rendering antitrust scrutiny largely unnecessary.

B.  Market pricing needs no reform; algorithms simply optimise vacancies while protecting tenants from sudden rent increases across cities.

C.  RealPage’s tools failed commercially, showing that open-source models outperform proprietary software in every rental submarket.

D.  Alleged algorithmic collusion reshapes rents, law lags behind, and public-interest models could re-anchor pricing to affordability with better data and oversight.