Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.
How Wolves Reshape Rivers and Restore Ecosystems
When wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park in 1995 after a seventy-year absence, scientists anticipated changes in elk populations. What they witnessed, however, exceeded all predictions. The return of wolves triggered a trophic cascade—a chain reaction affecting multiple levels of the ecosystem—that ultimately altered the physical geography of the park itself. This phenomenon demonstrated how a single keystone species could influence an entire landscape, from the behaviour of large herbivores down to the meandering patterns of rivers flowing through valleys.
Without wolves, elk populations had surged and overgrazing devastated vegetation, particularly young willow, aspen, and cottonwood trees along riverbanks. The consequences rippled throughout the ecosystem: beaver populations collapsed without willow for food and dam-building materials, whilst soil erosion accelerated along waterways stripped of stabilising tree roots. When wolves returned, elk behaviour shifted dramatically as they became cautious and avoided open riverbanks and valleys where wolves could ambush them. This "ecology of fear" allowed vegetation to regenerate in previously overgrazed areas, fundamentally transforming the landscape.
The recovery of riverside vegetation initiated unexpected physical changes to Yellowstone's waterways. Stronger tree roots stabilised riverbanks, preventing erosion, whilst rivers started meandering and regained their natural structure, creating stable waterways that improved water retention. These restored wetland habitats attracted beavers, whose dam-building activities further enhanced biodiversity by creating ponds that supported fish, amphibians, and waterfowl. The wolves' indirect influence had literally reshaped the rivers themselves through this cascade of ecological interactions.
Yellowstone's wolf reintroduction illustrates rewilding's potential to reverse ecosystem degradation. By reinstating natural predator-prey dynamics, conservationists demonstrated that damaged ecosystems possess remarkable capacity for self-repair when key species are restored. This case has influenced rewilding initiatives worldwide, from Scotland's proposals to reintroduce wolves for woodland regeneration to European projects aimed at restoring trophic balance. The lesson remains clear: protecting apex predators delivers benefits far beyond single-species conservation, ultimately strengthening entire ecosystems against environmental challenges.
Question 23: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 1? "This phenomenon demonstrated how a single keystone species could influence an entire landscape, from the behaviour of large herbivores down to the meandering patterns of rivers flowing through valleys."
A. It was the meandering rivers that enabled a specific species to dictate the landscape, thereby modifying the fundamental habits of herbivores within the valley.
B. The project highlighted a correlation where the geographical shifts in river patterns occurred independently of the behavioral modifications in large herbivorous populations.
C. Evidence from this occurrence showed that one crucial species possesses the power to impact a whole environment, affecting everything from animal habits to geological features.
D. The landscape’s transformation was primarily attributed to the vastness of the river valleys rather than the introduction of any particular keystone species.
