Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.
The Silent Epidemic
Sleep is one of the most fundamental biological needs a human being has. Yet across the industrialized world, it is also one of the most consistently sacrificed. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that more than one in three adults in the United States does not get the recommended seven to nine hours of sleep per night. Globally, up to 45% of the population is affected. The World Finance journal describes this as a "public health epidemic," not metaphorically, but in terms of its measurable impact on individual health, cognitive function, and national economies.
The consequences of chronic sleep deprivation extend far beyond tiredness. Research published in The Lancet Public Health confirms that moderate sleep loss produces cognitive and motor impairments comparable to legally defined levels of alcohol intoxication. The brain's capacity for planning, problem-solving, and creative thinking is significantly reduced after even one night of restricted sleep. Over time, insufficient sleep is strongly associated with increased risk of obesity, cardiovascular disease, and depression, conditions that place an enormous burden on public health systems worldwide.
The economic scale of this problem is equally striking. A RAND Corporation analysis estimated that sleep deprivation costs the United States approximately $400 billion per year in lost productivity, with similar figures recorded across Japan and Germany. Sleep-related workplace absence accounts for tens of millions of lost working hours annually across these nations alone. What is often framed as a personal lifestyle issue is, in measurable economic terms, a structural problem with consequences that reach far beyond the bedroom.
What makes this epidemic particularly difficult to address is its cultural dimension. In many societies, sleeping less is still implicitly equated with working harder, a sign of dedication rather than poor health management. Until this cognitive framing is challenged at a societal level, the structural conditions driving sleep deprivation will remain largely intact, regardless of how many sleep-tracking devices the market produces.
