Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.
THE SCORCHING REALITY OF URBAN HEAT ISLANDS
Cities worldwide are confronting an insidious threat that intensifies the effects of climate change: urban heat islands (UHIs). This phenomenon occurs when metropolitan areas register significantly higher temperatures than surrounding rural regions, sometimes reaching differences of up to 8.5°C, as observed in Madrid. The cause lies not only in global warming but also in urban design. Dark asphalt, concrete structures, and other impervious surfaces absorb and retain solar radiation, while limited vegetation reduces natural cooling through evapotranspiration.
The consequences extend far beyond discomfort. A 2024 study in The Lancet Planetary Health reports that urban residents face a 56% higher risk of heat-related mortality than rural populations. In the United States, roughly 76% of students—about 4.7 million children—attend schools located in extreme heat zones where infrastructure contributes at least 8°F of additional warmth. The burden disproportionately affects marginalized communities, as historically redlined and low-income neighborhoods endure greater heat exposure, reinforcing environmental inequities.
Climate Central’s analysis of 65 major U.S. cities indicates that more than one million residents in several metropolitan areas experience UHI effects exceeding 8°F. The nighttime impact is particularly harmful, as urban surfaces release stored heat after sunset, depriving residents of essential cooling during heatwaves. These elevated temperatures increase energy demand, strain municipal budgets, damage infrastructure such as roads and railways, and worsen air pollution.
Despite these challenges, mitigation strategies provide hope. Medellín, Colombia, reduced temperatures by 2°C through interconnected “green corridors,” while Seoul’s restoration of the Cheonggyecheon Stream lowered nearby temperatures by nearly 6°C. Additional measures—including cool pavements, reflective roofs, and expanded tree canopy coverage—also demonstrate effectiveness. As global urbanization accelerates, adopting nature-based and infrastructural solutions is essential for building resilient, livable cities in a warming world.
[Adapted from Climate Central]
Question 23: According to the second paragraph, all of the following are consequences of urban heat islands EXCEPT__________.
A. a substantial increase in the likelihood of heat-related deaths for city dwellers
B. the creation of extreme heat zones surrounding several millions of school children
C. an immediate decline in the academic performance of students in low-income areas
D. the unequal distribution of heat exposure across different socioeconomic groups
