Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 3...

The Hidden Economy of Browser Cookies: Tracking the Trackers

Every time you browse the internet, a quiet trade takes place. Bits of your behaviour are recorded, analysed, and often sold without you noticing. Browser cookies, small files that websites place on your device, started out as simple tools for convenience. Today, they can also support wide-scale tracking that fuels a huge data market. First-party cookies, set by the sites you actually visit, usually do harmless jobs like keeping you logged in or saving what is in your shopping cart. Third-party cookies are more intrusive. They can follow you from site to site and help build detailed profiles of your interests, routines, and even weak points. Over time, this system turns ordinary users into products, with browsing habits collected and traded to advertisers who want sharper targeting.

[I] It raises hard questions about consent and control, and about how much power sits with large tech firms compared with everyday users. Cookie tracking can enable prediction: systems may guess political views or health worries from a trail of clicks. [II] Many people find that unsettling. And while “cookie consent” banners claim to offer choice, they often push users in one direction. Some rely on dark patterns, design tricks that make “accept all” easy and “reject” slow, hidden, or confusing. [III] Add the fact that data practices are rarely clear, and most people never see the full picture. [IV] In some cases, data collected for ads can be combined and resold by brokers, and it may affect decisions in areas like credit, insurance, or hiring.

Rules and browser changes suggest the system is starting to shift. In Europe, strict privacy laws have pressured companies to limit third-party tracking, and major browsers have moved toward reducing support for third-party cookies. Consumer groups also argue for clearer disclosure so people can understand who is collecting what, and why. Still, the incentives to track users remain strong. Advertising businesses depend on it, and new tools may simply repeat the same behaviour under a different name. For users, the lesson is practical: “free” services often come with hidden costs. Protecting privacy takes some personal action and, just as importantly, public pressure for better standards.

[Adapted from https://www.eff.org]