Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.
Saving the Planet by Buying More: The Green Consumption Paradox
When a shopper chooses an eco-friendly bag over a plastic one, or buys organic food instead of conventional produce, they are making what feels like a responsible choice. The intention is genuine, and the individual product may indeed have a lower environmental impact. Yet a growing body of research in environmental psychology and sustainability science reveals a troubling pattern: people who adopt green consumption habits frequently end up consuming more overall, not less. The planet, it turns out, does not always benefit when people try to save it.
This counterintuitive phenomenon is known as the rebound effect, a concept traced back to economist William Jevons, who observed in 1865 that improvements in the efficiency of steam engines led to a rise, not a fall, in coal consumption. The same logic applies to modern sustainable behavior. When consumers believe they have already done something good for the environment, they feel psychologically licensed to offset that effort elsewhere. Researchers refer to this as moral licensing, the tendency to justify a later indulgent or environmentally harmful choice by referencing a prior virtuous one. A study published in PMC found that between 2020 and 2024, a 37% increase in clothing donations occurred alongside a 38% rise in new clothing purchases, suggesting that giving away old items made people feel entitled to buy more new ones.
The problem is compounded by the way green products are marketed. Labels such as "sustainable," "eco-certified," and "carbon-neutral" signal virtue rather than restraint, encouraging consumers to purchase items they would not have bought otherwise. Buying a green product feels like an act of contribution. It rarely feels like a reason to stop buying altogether.
What sustainable living ultimately requires is not smarter consumption, but a genuine reduction in the overall volume of what people consume. Research consistently confirms that no amount of green purchasing can substitute for simply buying less. The inconvenient truth of the environmental movement is that its most effective tool is one that the market has no interest in selling: restraint.
