Read the following passage about An Urgent Call for Transformation and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the bes...

Read the following passage about An Urgent Call for Transformation and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

Contemporary society faces an unprecedented social crisis characterized by economic insecurity, escalating inequality, and deteriorating trust across multiple sectors worldwide. This multifaceted challenge threatens sustainable development globally, demanding immediate comprehensive intervention from international communities and governmental organizations alike. The United Nations University's recent flagship publication reveals alarming statistics that underscore the severity of these deeply interconnected problems affecting billions globally.

Over 2.8 billion individuals—representing more than one-third of humanity—survive on merely 2.15 to 6.85 daily, positioning them perilously close to extreme poverty and financial destitution worldwide. Employment precariousness has reached critical levels globally, with approximately 60% of the global workforce expressing profound anxiety about their job security and future employment prospects today. This widespread vulnerability clearly demonstrates how economic instability has become deeply embedded within modern socioeconomic structures, creating systemic risks for entire populations and vulnerable communities.

Income inequality continues expanding rapidly across 65% of nations worldwide, perpetuated by deeply entrenched factors including racial discrimination, caste systems, geographical disadvantages, and family background disparities everywhere. Simultaneously, social cohesion deteriorates dramatically as over half the world's population expresses minimal confidence in governmental institutions and political leadership. Interpersonal trust among citizens also declines significantly between generational cohorts, indicating fundamental breakdowns in the social fabric and community bonds.

The forthcoming Second World Summit for Social Development in Doha presents a truly pivotal opportunity for coordinated global action and international collaboration. Experts strongly advocate for transformative policy frameworks built upon three foundational principles: equity, universal economic security, and solidarity. These comprehensive strategies aim to reconstruct social cohesion while addressing the root causes of contemporary challenges effectively and systematically. Without decisive implementation of such comprehensive reforms, current crises may irreversibly undermine democratic institutions and sustainable development goals worldwide.

https://unu.edu/lk

Question 23: All of the following contribute to income inequality EXCEPT _________.

A. Racial discrimination

B. Caste systems

C. Climate disasters

D. Family background disparities