Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 1...
Đề bài
Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 12 to 19.
In the age of hyperconnectivity, subtle design features embedded in online platforms—often referred to as “digital nudges”—are increasingly shaping consumer decisions. These nudges range from the placement of buttons and color schemes to the sequencing of information, each tailored to guide users toward specific behaviors. For example, e-commerce sites often highlight “most popular” items or preselect shipping options, shaping choices while maintaining a sense of autonomy.
Critics warn that such techniques may exploit cognitive biases and distort rational decision-making. The concept of “choice architecture” illustrates this: by altering the presentation of choices, designers can push users toward outcomes they might not freely choose. Default subscriptions and opt-out add-ons are not passive elements—they are deliberate strategies. The ethical tension emerges when these nudges operate unnoticed, making persuasion indistinguishable from manipulation.
Some believe, however, that digital nudging can support autonomy when used transparently and with positive intent. Health platforms use tailored reminders to encourage physical activity, while energy apps adjust prompts in response to changing environmental cues such as seasonal demand, extreme temperatures, or daylight variation. Although these nudges still affect behavior, their alignment with user welfare makes them ethically defensible. Transparency, therefore, becomes the key factor that distinguishes ethical nudging from covert coercion.
Yet regulation remains inconsistent. A few regions, such as the European Union, have explored interface fairness and user protection, but enforcement mechanisms are limited. Meanwhile, advanced algorithms are increasingly capable of shaping behavior across socioeconomic groups. Without oversight, digital nudging might reinforce structural inequalities rather than alleviate them.
Question 12: Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as a method of digital nudging?
A. Color schemes B. Information sequence C. Product reviews D. Button placement