Read the following notice and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6.

City Transport Authority: Bus Service Updates - Route 45

Dear Passengers,

We would like to inform you of temporary changes to Route 45 bus services.

A. Service Modifications

Due to road construction on Main Street, buses will (1) ______ an alternative route from Monday, March 10th through Friday, April 4th. The detour will add approximately 10 minutes to journey times during peak hours. 

B. Stop Relocations

• The Central Library stop has been moved 50 meters north

• Passengers requiring the Shopping Centre should board (2) ______ buses at the temporary stop on Park Avenue

• (3) ______ signage has been installed at all affected locations

C. Service Frequency

Despite the changes, we will maintain our regular schedule, (4) ______ delays may occur during rush hours. We apologize for any inconvenience caused.

D. Passenger Information

For real-time updates, please check our mobile app (5) ______ visit our website. Our customer service team is available to answer questions about these changes, and their assistance can be (6) ______ in helping you plan alternative routes if needed.

Thank you for your patience and understanding.

(Adapted from https://www.transportnsw.info/travel-info)

Question 1. A. take on                B. carry out                C. get over                D. make for

Question 2. A. much                B. a number of        C. a great amount of        D. a plenty of

Question 3. A. clear new temporary                        B. new temporary clear

C.  temporary clear new                        D. new clear temporary

Question 4. A. though                B. in case                C. unless                D. so that

Question 5. A. or                        B. yet                        C. nor                        D. for

Question 6. A. invaluable                B. valuable                C. inappreciable        D. priceless

Read the following announcement and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

Vietnam’s Great Unity – Cultural Heritage Week 2025

Preserving National Identity Through Cultural Celebration

Beginning November 18th, 2025, the Vietnam Museum of Ethnology in Hanoi will host a week-long celebration (7) ______ the rich cultural diversity of Vietnam’s 54 ethnic groups. This annual event, (8) ______ attracts thousands of domestic and international visitors, showcases traditional music, handicrafts, and performing arts.

Throughout the week, visitors will explore a magnificent (9) ______ of cultural exhibitions featuring authentic costumes, traditional instruments, and architectural displays from various ethnic communities. Daily activities include folk music performances, craft-making workshops, and culinary experiences that (10) ______ Vietnam’s extraordinary cultural mosaic.

The program aims to (11) ______ awareness of ethnic diversity while strengthening national solidarity. For researchers, students, and cultural (12) ______ passionate about anthropology and heritage preservation, this event provides invaluable insights into Vietnam’s living traditions.

Entry is free for students and seniors. Reserve your guided tour at https://www.vme.org.vn/

(Adapted from https://www.vietnamnet.vn)

Question 7.        A. honor                B. to honor                C. honoring                D. honored

Question 8.        A. whom                B. which                C. who                        D. when

Question 9.        A. expanse                B. spread                C. breadth                D. span

Question 10.        A. mirror                B. portray                C. depict
D.  reflect

Question 11.        A. heighten                B. magnify                C. amplify                D. intensify

Question 12.        A. advocating                B. advocates                C. advocate                D. advocacy

Question 13. a. I had rehearsed my speech countless times, yet when I stepped onto the stage I froze completely.

B. Last year, I decided to throw caution to the wind and enter a regional public speaking competition.

C. Unfortunately, my mind went blank and I stumbled through my speech incoherently before a large audience.

D. That terrifying moment was transformative and showed me that failure is merely a stepping stone to eventual success.

e. Instead of withdrawing from public speaking, I joined a drama club to gradually build my confidence on stage.

A.  b-a-c-d-e                        B. a-b-c-e-d                        C. b-a-c-e-d                        D. d-b-a-c-e

Question 14. a. Healthcare teams built diagnostic models for TB screening, publishing baselines and clinical validation protocols openly.

B. Future capacity hinges on ethical governance, talent retention, and sustainable compute aligned with green grids.

C. Meanwhile, Vietnamese–foreign consortia targeted language, OCR, and speech, serving minority communities and bureaucracy digitisation goals.

D. National grants incentivised datasets, compute sharing, and open benchmarks, reinforcing reproducibility and local relevance commitments.

e. University AI research accelerated, moving from scattered labs to coordinated, mission-driven institutes and centres nationwide.

A.  e-a-d-c-b                        B. e-d-c-a-b                        C. e-d-a-c-b                        D. d-e-a-c-b

Question 15. a. Finder: Excuse me, I think you dropped your wallet near the ticket machine just now.

B. Owner: Oh my goodness! Thank you so much for your honesty! I hadn’t even noticed it was missing.

C. Finder: You’re welcome. Just make sure to check that everything’s still inside before you leave.

A.  a-c-b                        B. c-a-b                        C. a-b-c                        D. b-a-c

Question 16. a. Victoria: Do you prefer relaxing with music or reading books?

B. David: Yes, both heal the soul in their own special way.

C. David: I love music, but reading gives deeper peace of mind.

D. Victoria: I agree, but music helps express emotions instantly.

e. Victoria: It’s best to enjoy whichever suits the mood.

A.  a-b-c-d-e                         B. a-b-d-c-e                         C. a-c-d-b-e                         D. a-b-e-c-d

Question 17. Dear Professor Kim,

A. Session registration and abstract submission are now open through our online portal at www.research-summit.org.

B. We cordially invite you to present at the Asia-Pacific Research Summit 2026, scheduled for March 15-17 in Singapore.

C. Selected speakers will receive complimentary conference access, meals, and one night’s accommodation at the Grand Plaza Hotel.

D. The submission deadline is January 31st, and all abstracts undergo peer review with results announced by February 15th.

e. For technical support or presentation guidelines, email speakers@research-summit.org or call +65-6789-4321 during office hours.

Kind regards,

Academic Conference Committee

A.  b-a-d-c-e                        B. b-d-a-c-e                        C. b-a-c-d-e                        D. a-b-c-d-e

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22.

        Journalism plays a vital role in shaping public opinion and holding power to account. (18) _______. By investigating complex issues and presenting verified facts, journalists help citizens make informed decisions about their communities and governments. In many societies, access to independent reporting is considered a cornerstone of democracy. (19) _______. When journalists face censorship or intimidation, the flow of reliable information is disrupted, leaving room for misinformation to spread. (20) _______. This is especially dangerous during elections or public health crises, when accurate reporting can influence outcomes and save lives. (21) _______. If news organizations had stronger protections and funding, they might be able to resist external pressures more effectively. (22) _______. As digital platforms evolve, journalism must adapt to new formats while preserving its commitment to truth and accountability.

(Adapted from https://mediahelpingmedia.org/advanced/the-essential-role-of-journalism/)

Question 18. A. Journalists often work extended hours to gather evidence, striving to uncover stories that significantly impact public life

B.  Reporters frequently dedicate considerable time to collecting information, attempting to reveal narratives that substantially affect society

C.  Correspondents regularly invest lengthy periods in accumulating data, seeking to expose accounts that markedly influence civic affairs

D.  Media professionals commonly spend substantial time compiling facts, endeavoring to discover stories that notably shape public discourse

Question 19. A. For example, corruption, environmental abuse, and systematic human rights violations have been exposed by investigative journalism

B.  For instance, malfeasance, ecological damage, and persistent civil liberties transgressions have been revealed through in-depth reporting

C.  As illustration, misconduct, environmental degradation, and ongoing rights infringements have been uncovered via comprehensive inquiry

D.  To illustrate, wrongdoing, natural resource exploitation, and continued freedom violations have been disclosed through thorough investigation 

Question 20. A. Such disruptions can gradually erode public trust and progressively weaken democratic institutions over time

B.  These interferences may slowly undermine civic confidence and increasingly compromise democratic structures gradually

C.  Such impediments might steadily diminish public faith and progressively damage democratic frameworks eventually

D.  These obstacles could incrementally reduce societal trust and continuously deteriorate democratic mechanisms ultimately

Question 21. A. Were journalists to have ignored whistleblower testimonies, major scandals might have remained concealed from public scrutiny

B.  Should reporters have disregarded insider accounts, significant controversies could have stayed hidden from public awareness

C.  Were correspondents to have overlooked informant revelations, substantial scandals may have continued undetected by society

D.  Should media professionals have dismissed source disclosures, important improprieties might have remained undiscovered publicly

Question 22. A. While some outlets prioritize speed, others emphasize accuracy and contextual depth to maintain editorial integrity

B.  Whereas certain organizations value immediacy, alternative sources stress precision and comprehensive analysis to preserve journalistic standards

C.  Although particular platforms favor rapidity, other media focus on correctness and thorough context to sustain professional credibility

D.  While specific news sources prize timeliness, different outlets emphasize truthfulness and detailed background to uphold reporting quality

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

        UK plastic waste exports have soared this year, rising by 84% in the first half of 2025 compared with 2024, according to UN Comtrade analysis compiled by The Last Beach Cleanup. The surge has been concentrated in Malaysia and Indonesia, with consignments jumping to 28,667 tonnes and 24,006 tonnes respectively. While aggregate volumes remained above 317,000 tonnes, the portion routed directly to non-OECD destinations climbed from 11% to 20%. Campaigners brand this pattern “waste imperialism”, arguing that costs are being externalised onto jurisdictions with weaker enforcement capacity.

        The EU has agreed to prohibit exports to non-OECD countries from November 2026 for two and a half years, extendable thereafter; the UK has no equivalent ban. Jan Dell accuses ministers of hypocrisy at global plastics talks. Although officials proclaim “high ambition”, the UK still refuses to fix a date for ending shipments to poorer nations, even as volumes pivot to south-east Asia. Advocates insist that responsibility should track origin: if Britain produces the packaging, Britain should process it – rather than offloading risks elsewhere.

        Trade flows remain mercurial: after Malaysia’s tighter import rules, UK shipments there dipped to 2.8% (about 1,500 tonnes) in July. Yet, as after China’s 2018 restrictions, material is quickly re-routed – via the Netherlands or to Turkey – creating a shadow geography of disposal. Experts describe low oversight in parts of Turkey’s recycling sector, where licences are reportedly easy to obtain and fatalities have been documented. Such volatility, critics warn, rewards arbitrage while obscuring accountability along the transboundary chain.

        Campaigners urge the UK to emulate the EU prohibition and close the loophole that makes exporting cheaper than domestic reprocessing. Industry voices argue that Britain should internalise the true costs of its packaging. Defra counters that exports are governed by strict legal controls and that forthcoming collection and packaging reforms will catalyse around £10bn of investment, boosting UK-based recycling capacity and, in principle, reducing dependency on offshore outlets over time if fully implemented.

(Adapted from Karen McVeigh, “UK plastic waste exports to developing countries rose 84% in a year, data shows,” The Guardian*, 8 Oct 2025.)*

Question 23. The word soared in paragraph 1 can be best replaced by ______?

A.  dwindled                B. meandered                C. surged                        D. plateaued

Question 24. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 3 as a feature of shifting trade routes?

A.  Re-routing through European hubs such as the Netherlands

B.  A decline in UK domestic recycling capacity driving exports

C.  Movement of waste flows toward Turkey after other bans

D.  Reports of low oversight within parts of Turkey’s sector

Question 25. The word OPPOSITE in meaning to strict in paragraph 4 is ______.

A.  rigorous                B. severe                        C. lax                                D. exacting

Question 26. The word Such in paragraph 3 refers to ______.

A.  low oversight in Turkey’s recycling sector        

B.  re-routing of materials through various countries                

C.  volatility in global waste trade patterns                                

D.  fatalities in unregulated recycling plants

Question 27. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 2?

A.  While professing strong goals, the UK declines to establish a firm timeline for ceasing waste transfers to developing nations.

B.  Despite championing ambition, the UK has not committed to a deadline to halt exports to poorer countries.

C.  Though officials emphasize lofty intentions, the UK avoids specifying when shipments to less wealthy countries will end.

D.  Despite rhetorical commitment, the UK refrains from setting a concrete date to terminate exports to poorer states.

Question 28. Which of the following is TRUE according to paragraph 1?

A.  UK exports to Indonesia fell from 24,006 tonnes in 2025 to 525 tonnes in 2024.

B.  The share to non-OECD destinations increased from 11% in 2024 to 20% in 2025.

C.  Total plastic waste exports dropped well below 300,000 tonnes in early 2025.

D.  Malaysia received 24,006 tonnes in 2025, a decline from 28,667 tonnes in 2024.

Question 29. Which paragraph mentions calls to follow the EU ban and shut the export-cheaper-than-recycling loophole?

A.  Paragraph 1        B. Paragraph 2                C. Paragraph 3                D. Paragraph 4

Question 30. Which paragraph mentions the July decline in UK shipments to Malaysia due to new import restrictions?

A.  Paragraph 1        B. Paragraph 2                C. Paragraph 3                D. Paragraph 4

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

        As AI seeps into governance and markets, jurists debate whether a limited legal personality should attach to highly autonomous systems. Rather than a binary yes/no, many propose a spectrum calibrating specific rights and duties to functional capacities, drawing a guarded analogy to corporate personhood. On this cautious middle path, the law might allow narrow capacities – such as being sued or having assets held in trust – without imputing moral agency or dignity. [I] The ambition is managerial, not metaphysical: to allocate responsibility where it can be practically enforced.

        Serious obstacles remain. AI is a protean family of tools with divergent architectures, risk profiles, and human entanglements; a one-size regime would be blunt and unjust. Limited-liability logics also falter where systems operate with real autonomy, obscuring fault and making accountability diffuse. [II] Moral personhood diverges from legal personhood, and anthropomorphic labels – “smart”, “self-directed” – can seduce lawmakers into over-attributing agency. The better question is not whether AI “deserves” rights but how law should supervise artifacts that sometimes act without immediate human supervision.

        The present consensus is deliberately modest: treat AI as products, keep humans answerable, and adapt remedies for novel harms. Granting independent legal personhood to AI would be premature so long as accountability still traces back to human designers and operators. Examples exist: corporate law can lift the veil for fraud or misfeasance, suggesting targeted revocation or shutdown powers for AIs that cause harm. [III] Meanwhile, EU debates on AI liability remain wary of anything approaching full personhood, favoring incremental procedural adjustments.

        Looking ahead, two currents tug in opposite directions. Brain-machine interfaces may entwine computation with cognition, and sustained social participation could bestow de facto legitimacy on useful systems. Even so, most analysts expect no full personhood within the next two decades; prudence counsels constraint while capabilities race forward. [IV] The likely path is iterative: sharpen liability, refine evidentiary rules, and reserve any expansion of status for moments when control, accountability, and public reason can be credibly guaranteed.

(Adapted from CEULI  –  “Legal Personhood for AI: Challenges and Future Possibilities”)

Question 31. The word protean in paragraph 2 mostly means ______.

A.  highly variable                                        B. narrowly fixed

C.  painfully repetitive                                        D. mildly predictable

Question 32. Where in the passage does the following sentence best fit?

Yet analogies to corporations become strained when the ‘agent’ is a stack of models that updates itself.

A.  [I]                        B. [II]                                C. [III]                        D. [IV]

Question 33. Which of the following best summarises paragraph 1?

A.  It rejects corporate analogies and urges immediate abolition of all AI rights, citing moral risks that outweigh administrative gains.

B.  It predicts swift recognition of AI dignity, arguing that social utility inevitably converts into enforceable rights for sophisticated systems.

C.  It claims AI already enjoys personhood by custom, and the law merely needs to formalise the widely accepted social consensus.

D.  It proposes a calibrated spectrum of narrow legal capacities for some AIs, cautiously borrowing from corporate personhood without conferring moral status.

Question 34. What is the text’s prevailing policy stance now?

A.  Accelerate full personhood                        B. Human accountability over AI personhood

C.  Build liability first, status later                        D. Criminalise autonomy itself

Question 35. According to paragraph 3, in cases of fraud or misfeasance, limited liability ______.

A.  remains intact, proving corporate shields are absolute even for autonomous systems

B.  collapses entirely, forcing criminal prosecution of every engineer involved

C.  can be lifted, hinting at analogous, targeted remedies for harmful AI systems

D.  transfers automatically to insurers, eliminating the need for procedural reform

Question 36. What would limited legal status primarily aim to achieve?

A.  Enable targeted capacities without implying dignity or broad moral agency

B.  Guarantee property rights and political liberties for advanced learning systems

C.  Replace human accountability with autonomous, machine-centric responsibility

D.  Abolish product-liability doctrines that currently govern AI-caused harms

Question 37. The phrase this cautious middle path in paragraph 1 refers to ______.

A.  full personhood                                        B. product treatment

C.  anthropomorphism                                D. limited personhood

Question 38. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

A.  The EU will inevitably grant AI full personhood once brain-machine interfaces reach commercial maturity and public acceptance across sectors.

B.  Legal systems will likely adopt incremental, hybrid remedies that preserve human responsibility while addressing AI-specific harms through tailored procedural tools.

C.  Courts will soon presume AI moral agency because anthropomorphic labels already dominate public discourse and legislative drafting worldwide.

D.  Corporate personhood offers a perfect template for AI, eliminating the need for any bespoke liability or evidentiary innovations in the near term.

Question 39. Which option best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 3?

Granting independent legal personhood to AI would be premature so long as accountability still traces back to human designers and operators.

A.  Since developers are sometimes liable, AIs should nonetheless obtain rights equivalent to corporations to ensure predictability in transnational commercial contexts.

B.  Because humans participate in design, AI systems must be categorically excluded from any legal standing to prevent confusion over responsibilities.

C.  Until humans cease being the locus of control and blame, awarding AIs independent personhood would be untimely and conceptually unjustified.

D.  Once operators sign indemnities, independent personhood becomes harmless because liability can always be contractually reassigned to human counterparties.

Question 40. Which of the following best summarises the passage?

A.  It weighs analogies to corporations, outlines hurdles, endorses product-based accountability, and foresees incremental reforms while postponing any broad grant of AI personhood.

B.  It demonstrates that AI already qualifies as a citizen-like agent deserving rights equal to humans, subject only to modest procedural safeguards.

C.  It urges the EU to pioneer immediate full personhood so other jurisdictions can harmonise transnational trade and liability regimes accordingly.

D.  It predicts rapid social legitimation will force legislators to constitutionalise AI rights within the next two decades, despite unresolved accountability problems.