Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 5.

        The rapid spread of misinformation in the digital age poses significant risks to public understanding and decision-making. (1) _______. Social media platforms, while designed to connect people, often amplify falsehoods due to algorithms that prioritize engagement over accuracy. As a result, misleading content can reach millions within hours, shaping opinions and behaviors. (2) _______. Researchers have found that emotionally charged headlines are more likely to be shared, even when the underlying claims lack evidence. Governments and organizations have begun implementing fact-checking initiatives and media literacy campaigns. (3) _______. These efforts aim to equip individuals with the tools to critically evaluate the information they encounter online. (4) _______. In addition, educators are working to integrate digital literacy into school curricula to foster long-term resilience against misinformation. (5) _______. Without coordinated action, societies may struggle to distinguish truth from manipulation in an increasingly complex media landscape.

(Adapted from MDPI, “Misinformation in the Digital Age”)

Question 1.   A. This challenge has intensified as information ecosystems become increasingly fragmented and less effectively regulated

B.  This difficulty has escalated as media environments grow progressively decentralized and insufficiently governed

C.  This problem has aggravated as communication systems turn gradually more dispersed and inadequately controlled

D.  This issue has worsened as information landscapes become successively more divided and poorly supervised

Question 2.   A. Following this trend, many users unknowingly contribute to the viral dissemination of inaccurate narratives

B.  Continuing this pattern, numerous individuals inadvertently facilitate the rapid spread of false information

C.  Pursuing this trajectory, countless people unintentionally support the swift circulation of misleading content

D.  Maintaining this direction, various users unconsciously assist the quick propagation of erroneous stories

Question 3.   A. These programs include not only interactive workshops and comprehensive online resources but also strategic partnerships with local community leaders

B.  Such initiatives feature not only participatory training sessions and extensive digital materials but also collaborative arrangements with regional civic figures

C.  These efforts encompass not only hands-on educational activities and thorough internet-based tools but also cooperative relationships with neighborhood authorities

D.  Such programs comprise not only engaging instructional exercises and detailed web-accessible resources but also joint ventures with grassroots community representatives

Question 4.   A. Students have been explained the importance of critical thinking to help them navigate online content more responsibly

B.  Learners have been communicated the significance of analytical reasoning to assist them in evaluating digital material more carefully

C.  Pupils have been presented the value of discerning judgment to enable them to assess internet content more thoughtfully

D.  Scholars have been conveyed the necessity of evaluative thinking to support them in examining online information more judiciously

Question 5.   A. Citizens should be encouraged to verify sources before sharing articles or reacting to sensational claims

B.  Individuals ought to be motivated to confirm origins prior to distributing content or responding to provocative assertions

C.  People need to be urged to authenticate references before disseminating material or engaging with dramatic statements

D.  Users must be prompted to validate sources before circulating articles or interacting with alarming declarations

Read the following announcement and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 6 to 11.

Vietnam Phở Festival 2025 – Singapore Edition

Celebrating Vietnam’s Iconic Culinary Heritage

The Vietnam Phở Festival returns to Singapore on October 18th–19th, 2025, at Marina Bay Sands Convention Center. This cultural celebration brings together renowned Vietnamese chefs, food (6) ______, and culinary enthusiasts from across Southeast Asia.

Event Highlights

Festival-goers will experience an impressive (7) ______ of phở variations, from traditional Northern and Southern styles to contemporary fusion creations. Live cooking demonstrations, (8) ______ by master chefs, will reveal the intricate techniques behind this beloved national dish. The festival also features cultural performances, photography exhibitions, and business networking sessions aimed at (9) ______ economic and cultural ties between Vietnam and Singapore.

This two-day celebration, (10) ______ mission is promoting Vietnamese culinary excellence internationally, offers both gastronomic delight and meaningful cross-cultural exchange. Food industry professionals shouldn’t (11) ______ this exceptional opportunity to connect and collaborate.

Admission tickets available at https://www.phofestival.sg/

(Adapted from https://www.singchamvn.org)

Question 6.        A. enthusiastically        B. enthusiast                C. enthusiasm        D. enthusiasts

Question 7.        A. assortment                B. portion                C. fraction                D. segment

Question 8.        A. conducted                B. conduct                C. conducting                D. to conduct

Question 9.        A. tightening                B. securing                C. cementing                D. anchoring

Question 10.        A. of which                B. where                C. whose                D. at which

Question 11.        A. pass up                B. rule out                C. hold back                D. phase out

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a cohesive and coherent text.

Question 12. a. Robotics clubs partnered with universities; maker spaces prototyped sensors monitoring canals, air, and canteens safely.

B. To scale equitably, schools need equipment funding, rural broadband, and sustained industry-education coalitions over time.

C. Vietnamese high schools broadened STEM pathways, linking classrooms with labs, competitions, and community challenges nationwide.

D. Teachers received micro-credentials and mentoring networks, improving assessment rubrics and inclusive scaffolding for girls nationwide.

e. Revised curricula integrated project-based learning and coding, emphasising inquiry, iteration, and cross-disciplinary teamwork for resilience.

A.  c-a-e-d-b                        B. c-e-a-d-b                        C. e-c-a-d-b                        D. c-e-d-a-b

Question 13. Dear students,

A. Membership requires a commitment to attend at least 75% of scheduled sessions and actively participate in collaborative research initiatives.

B. Interested students should submit their applications through the student portal, including a brief statement of interest, by October 31st.

C. We are excited to announce the establishment of the Interdisciplinary Research Society, designed to foster intellectual discourse and collaborative scholarship.

D. Once your application is reviewed and approved, you will receive a welcome package and access to our exclusive resources.

e. For additional information about membership benefits or our upcoming events, please visit our website at www.irs-university.edu or email irs@university.edu.

Sincerely,

Academic Affairs Department

A.  c-a-d-b-e                        B. c-a-b-d-e                        C. a-c-b-d-e                        D. b-c-a-d-e

Question 14. a. Airport staff: Certainly! The international departures area is on the second floor. Take the escalator behind you.

B. Passenger: Thank you so much. And is there a currency exchange office up there as well?

C. Passenger: Excuse me, I’m looking for the check-in counter for flight BA205 to New York.

A.  c-b-a                        B. b-c-a                        C. c-a-b                        D. a-c-b

Question 15. a. Emily: Both are necessary for a balanced life.

B. Emily: Do you enjoy spending time alone?

C. Emily: I feel the same, but solitude improves creativity and focus.

D. Joseph: Yes, it helps me reflect, but I also like socializing with friends.

e. Joseph: Indeed, social time builds empathy and emotional connection.

A.  b-d-c-e-a                         B. a-b-d-c-e                         C. a-c-b-d-e                         D. b-a-c-e-d

Question 16. a. My team faced a tight deadline for a crucial client presentation and I volunteered to burn the midnight oil. .

B. Working late into the night, I expected to finish everything and emerge as the office hero everyone respected.

C. In reality, my exhaustion led to careless mistakes that nearly derailed the entire presentation the following morning.

D. This grueling experience was enlightening and taught me that sustainable productivity beats short-term heroics every time.

e. Rather than glorifying overwork, I learned to manage time better and ask for help when facing unrealistic deadlines.

A.  d-a-b-c-e                        B. a-b-c-e-d                        C. a-b-c-d-e                        D. a-c-b-e-d

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 17 to 26.

        Space debris is no longer a cinematic conceit but a quotidian hazard. In 2024, an ISS battery pallet tore through a Florida home; other fragments spattered Saskatchewan farmland, a separation ring landed in Kenya, and debris crashed in Poland. NASA confirmed the object’s provenance, while scientists warn of a Kessler-style cascade that could render orbits unusable. The question now is not if debris will fall but who pays when it does, and how claims are resolved. [I]

        The governing regime is antiquated. The Outer Space Treaty and the Liability Convention make States internationally responsible and liable, yet responsibility is couched in State-to-State terms that sideline private victims. On Earth or to aircraft, liability is absolute; in space, it is fault-based and difficult to prove. Claims travel diplomatic channels; a Claims Commission’s awards are only binding if pre-agreed. The solitary precedent – Cosmos 954 – settled before decision, and a curious asymmetry persists: foreigners may have stronger international recourse than a State’s own nationals. [II]

        Domestic law fills gaps – sometimes. English courts can hear cases where damage occurs, yet multi-jurisdictional litigation is ruinously expensive and procedurally arcane for ordinary homeowners. Insurance acts as a de facto backstop, yet it does not obviate the need to prove entitlement. Even when operators must carry cover, a claimant must still establish responsibility across borders, actors, and orbital uncertainties. International and domestic tracks seldom dovetail into a citizen-friendly pathway; remedies exist, but they are splintered, state-centric, and slow. [III]

        The draft EU Space Act aims to hard-wire debris mitigation, collision-avoidance, and financial responsibility into a harmonised framework with extraterritorial bite. Compliance might temper disputes through shared data and clearer attribution; however, it does not create a compensation mechanism. Hence the turn to arbitration: neutral, expert-driven, confidential, and globally enforceable under the New York Convention. With PCA space rules and industry familiarity, a binding arbitral track could finally give private parties direct redress at the speed of commercial spaceflight. [IV]

(Adapted from Taylor Wessing, “From orbit to courtroom: the legal black hole of space debris liability,” 6 Oct 2025)

Question 17. Where in the passage does the following sentence best fit?

Public awareness has shifted from awe to accountability, as each headline makes liability feel uncomfortably local.

A.  [III]                        B. [IV]                                C. [I]                        D. [II]

Question 18. The word couched in paragraph 2 mostly means ______.

A.  harshly limited                                        B. formally framed

C.  vaguely concealed                                D. loosely implied        

Question 19. Which of the following best summarises paragraph 2?

A.  A State-centred, two-tier regime – absolute on Earth, fault in space – yields diplomatic claims and leaves private parties marginalised.

B.  Cold-War treaties impose absolute liability everywhere, eliminating proof problems for satellite collisions in orbit.

C.  Modern treaties efficiently compensate private victims through binding commissions and swift cross-border enforcement.

D.  Domestic courts supersede international law, ensuring residents receive symmetrical protections regardless of nationality.

Question 20. What does “absolute liability” require, according to paragraph 2?

A.  Domestic exhaustion first                                B. Proof of negligence

C.  Consent of both States                                D. Payment despite no fault        

Question 21. According to paragraph 3, insurance primarily serves as ______.

A.  a temporary bond until any Claims Commission issues binding adjudicatory awards

B.  a universal payout replacing litigation across every cross-border debris dispute

C.  a government subsidy that removes causation analysis in private damage suits

D.  a last-resort fund when diplomacy stalls, though proof hurdles still remain

Question 22. What practical obstacle undermines homeowners bringing cross-border debris claims in domestic courts?

A.  Statutes forbidding insurance disclosure to judges during proceedings

B.  A universal ban on suing foreign operators in national jurisdictions

C.  Automatic transfer of all cases to international criminal tribunals

D.  Multi-jurisdictional costs and procedures that few ordinary claimants can sustain

Question 23. The phrase other fragments in paragraph 1 refers to ______.

A.  ISS battery pallet                                        B. additional space debris

C.  natural meteoroid remnants                        D. satellite separation rings

Question 24. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

A.  Domestic insurance mandates eliminate the need for attribution, allowing claimants to recover regardless of who launched or operated the debris-creating object.

B.  Expanding absolute liability to outer space would be redundant because satellite collisions already trigger automatic compensation without any proof of fault.

C.  A binding arbitral mechanism could narrow today’s liability gap by giving non-state actors enforceable remedies that bypass slow diplomacy and jurisdictional stalemates.

D.  The EU Space Act resolves compensation, replacing international treaties with a comprehensive damages schedule enforceable in all non-EU jurisdictions.

Question 25. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 3?

Insurance acts as a de facto backstop, yet it does not obviate the need to prove entitlement.

A.  Because regulators supervise premiums, entitlement is presumed and proof becomes unnecessary in most multi-state debris incidents involving satellites.

B.  Once an operator maintains insurance, victims automatically obtain compensation without demonstrating causation or establishing the chain of control.

C.  Insurance fully substitutes for adjudication by guaranteeing payouts regardless of jurisdiction, nationality, or evidentiary shortcomings in claims.

D.  Although coverage exists, claimants must still demonstrate responsibility before any insurer will compensate them for cross-border debris damage.

Question 26. Which of the following best summarises the passage?

A.  The EU’s harmonised rules end disputes by mandating cross-border payouts, making arbitration obsolete in the commercial space era.

B.  Historic treaties and national courts already ensure symmetry for citizens and foreigners, so new mechanisms would only add costly duplication.

C.  Rising debris risks reveal that a State-centric regime and fragmented domestic fixes leave victims exposed; arbitration could offer faster, expert, enforceable relief.

D.  Liability is straightforward: absolute everywhere, administered by a binding Claims Commission that automatically compensates ordinary homeowners.

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 27 to 32.

Preparing For Your Medical Appointment

Making the most of your doctor’s visit requires proper preparation. Follow these guidelines to ensure a productive consultation:

I. Before your appointment

Write down all symptoms you’ve been experiencing, including when they started and how frequently they occur. Don’t forget to (27) ______ a list of all medications, vitamins, and supplements you’re currently taking.

II. During your visit

Be honest and thorough when discussing your health concerns. Ask questions if something isn’t clear, (28) ______ you might miss important information about your treatment. Bring (29) ______ medical records with you to provide your doctor with a complete health history.

III. After your appointment

Review the instructions given (30) ______ your doctor carefully. If prescribed medication, take it exactly as directed. Schedule any follow-up appointments before leaving the clinic.

Remember, your active participation in your healthcare (31) ______ tremendously in improving (32) ______ treatment outcomes.

(Adapted from https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/consumer-health)

Question 27. A. draw up                B. pull through        C. break down        D. fill out

Question 28. A. consequently        B. otherwise                C. moreover                D. nevertheless

Question 29. A. previous comprehensive your                B. your previous comprehensive

C.  comprehensive your previous                D. your comprehensive previous

Question 30. A. by                        B. with                        C. from                D. to

Question 31. A. counts                B. matters                C. weighs                D. measures

Question 32. A. a wealth of                B. a good deal of        C. a host of                D. a great number

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 33 to 40.

        Ho Chi Minh City’s headline joblessness has eased, yet youth unemployment has spiked in dissonant fashion. Officials disclosed on June 5 that more than 9,000 degree holders are currently without work, a stark figure that jars with the city’s otherwise improving indicators. Graduates face delayed hiring as firms recalibrate after cyclical shocks and technological upgrades. Entry-level posts are consolidated, internships become protracted auditions, and probation drags on. The result is a bottleneck: qualified applicants circulate résumés while vacancies demand experience they cannot yet plausibly claim.

        Administrators attribute the surge to sectoral realignment, mismatched skills, and cautious corporate headcounts. Service industries digitize front-of-house tasks; factories automate repetitive lines; back-office functions migrate to shared-service hubs. If employers continue prioritizing prior experience over demonstrable potential, many first-time applicants will remain stranded at the threshold. Universities, meanwhile, struggle to retrofit curricula at the cadence of industry turnover. Students, sensing fragility, hedge with short courses and micro-credentials, but the signaling power of these badges remains uneven across recruiters and fields.

        Policy responses spotlight apprenticeships, modular upskilling, and tighter campus-employer pipelines. Career centers convene job fairs; municipal programs underwrite training vouchers; firms trial paid traineeships with conversion targets. Communication is crucial: clear competency maps help graduates articulate value, while employers learn to parse capabilities beyond pedigree. Still, frictions persist – stipends can be meager, rotations brief, and evaluation opaque. When placement data are published, applicants can sort credible pathways from cosmetic schemes, reducing churn and restoring a measure of trust to the entry-level market.

        The paradox is reputational: a dynamic metropolis that still leaves bright newcomers idle. Families bankroll degrees, yet returns feel deferred; civic patience thins as cafés fill with overqualified baristas. Sustainable fixes require tempo and coordination: faster curriculum loops, transparent hiring rubrics, and targeted subsidies where vacancies are genuine. Graduates, too, must curate portfolios and rehearse problem-solving under time constraints. Over time, the city can turn this bottleneck into a bridge – provided stakeholders abandon complacency for experimental, data-literate pragmatism.

(Adapted from Vietnamnet: “Ho Chi Minh City sees youth unemployment surge despite lower overall rate”)

Question 33. The word recalibrate in paragraph 1 can be best replaced by ______?

A.  ossify                B. fine-tune                        C. invalidate                        D. dismantle

Question 34. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 2 as a driver of rising youth unemployment?
A. Sectoral realignment                                B. Skills mismatch

C.  Cautious headcounts                                D. Currency devaluation

Question 35. The word meager in paragraph 3 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.

A.  paltry                B. scant                        C. ample                        D. thin

Question 36. The word these in paragraph 2 refers to ______.

A.  shared-service hubs                                B. micro-credentials

C.  university curricula                                D. back-office functions

Question 37. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 2?
A. Persistent emphasis on experience rather than capability will leave numerous entry-level candidates unable to secure their first positions.

B.  Continued employer preference for proven experience over latent ability will perpetuate barriers for novice job seekers.

C.  If firms keep valuing experience above promise, many beginners will stay excluded from initial employment opportunities.

D.  Should companies maintain their focus on past performance rather than aptitude, entry-level aspirants will find access blocked.

Question 38. Which of the following is TRUE according to paragraph 1?

A.  Youth unemployment fell in parallel with overall unemployment as firms expanded trainee quotas across sectors.

B.  The city’s overall indicators improved while many graduates struggled to secure initial roles despite qualifications.

C.  Internships largely disappeared, forcing companies to hire inexperienced graduates directly into permanent posts.

D.  Probation periods shortened significantly, enabling applicants to claim sufficient experience within weeks.

Question 39. Which paragraph mentions concrete policy responses like apprenticeships and training vouchers?

A.  Paragraph 1        B. Paragraph 2                C. Paragraph 3                D. Paragraph 4

Question 40. Which paragraph mentions the reputational paradox of an energetic city leaving newcomers idle?

A.  Paragraph 1        B. Paragraph 2                C. Paragraph 3                D. Paragraph 4