Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 1 to 10.

        Urban managers face ineluctable trade-offs: scarce budgets, volatile demand, and citizens who expect responsiveness without opacity. A digital twin – a live, virtual counterpart to streets, pipes, bridges, and services – can make those trade-offs explicit by simulating consequences before policies harden into practice. In the emergent paradigm of Digital Twin Citizens, residents are not mere “data points” but participants whose feedback and constraints shape scenarios. [I] When dashboards surface choices and their distributive effects, officials can foreground equity and efficiency rather than aftermarket rationalisations.

        At city scale, three functions recur: real-time fusion of sensor streams, predictive modelling of bottlenecks, and frugal resource orchestration. Public-facing interfaces translate this complexity for lay audiences; “this civic mirror” lets neighbourhoods visualise proposals, annotate risks, and contest assumptions. [II] Because the model refreshes continuously, small anomalies – leaks, surges, idle fleets – become legible before they metastasise. Citizen visibility is not ornamental: participation pressures agencies to document methods, data provenance, and plausible counterfactuals.

        Traffic retiming, bridge upkeep, and flood drills exemplify pragmatic wins: a twin ingests weather feeds, meter readings, and camera loops to stage “what-ifs,” averting repair panics and evacuation chaos. [III] Far from being a techno-toy, the twin compels officials to justify interventions with legible evidence, thereby disciplining impulse and rewarding foresight. Cities that integrate such evidence loops with procurement and maintenance calendars normalise prevention over heroic, post-hoc fixes.

        Case studies – Singapore’s city-wide model, New York’s climate-aware infrastructure planning, Helsinki’s participatory visualisations – show that when residents can preview impacts, deliberation deepens and trust thickens. [IV] In effect, Digital Twin Citizens co-produce governance: they flag blind spots, test trade-offs, and help prioritise investments that minimise waste while maximising public benefit. The promise is not gadgetry but a steadier civic metabolism – decisions paced by shared facts and argued in daylight.

(Adapted from GovPilot, “The Rise of Digital Twins: How Cities Are Creating Virtual Models for Real-World Impact”)

Question 1. The word ineluctable in paragraph 1 mostly means ______.

A.  barely negotiable                                        B. virtually unavoidable

C.  loosely connected                                        D. mildly optional

Question 2. Where in the passage does the following sentence best fit?

Yet the novelty of dashboards can distract from a stubborn truth: coordination costs still accrue across agencies.

A.  [I]                        B. [II]                                C. [III]                        D. [IV]

Question 3. Which of the following best summarises paragraph 2?

A.  Public dashboards transform streaming city data into shared sense-making, enabling early anomaly detection and informed, contestable choices for ordinary residents.

B.  Predictive software eliminates uncertainty entirely, allowing governments to automate all operational and budgetary decisions across departments without human oversight.

C.  Citizens mainly consume curated updates while experts quietly adjust models to maintain service levels, avoiding public controversy or prolonged consultations.

D.  Sensor networks replace traditional public meetings by conveying civic emotions directly into models that autonomously allocate resources citywide.

Question 4. What does the passage imply enables participatory planning within digital twins?

A.  Accessible visualisations for lay users                B. Compulsory voting on scenarios

C.  Anonymous budgeting lotteries                        D. Outsourced private moderators

Question 5. According to paragraph 3, predictive maintenance alerts allow cities ______.

A.  to schedule repairs before failures cascade and reduce costly, disruptive emergency interventions

B.  to outsource accountability while maintaining appearances of prudent, scientifically informed stewardship

C.  to pause monitoring until quarterly reviews consolidate trends into retrospective performance memos

D.  to delay procurement cycles so contractors can rebid after models stabilise their cost estimates

Question 6. What chiefly distinguishes Digital Twin Citizens from passive service recipients?

A.  They interrogate assumptions, annotate proposals, and influence trade-offs via transparent, continuously updating civic interfaces.

B.  They approve annual budgets through binding referendums conducted exclusively on municipal mobile applications.

C.  They submit household sensor data in exchange for tiered discounts on utilities and transit fares.

D.  They manage departmental staffing by ranking officials after each simulated infrastructure scenario completes.

Question 7. The phrase this civic mirror in paragraph 2 refers to ______.

A.  public dashboards                                B. IoT sensors

C.  legal mandates                                        D. GIS maps

Question 8. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

A.  When evidence from twins is publicly legible, political incentives can shift toward prevention, because voters witness rationale and results before crises materialise.

B.  Without ubiquitous sensors, digital twins are useless, since governance quality depends exclusively on perfectly comprehensive, real-time datasets.

C.  Citizen participation slows decisions so severely that agencies abandon modelling in favour of faster, informal bargaining among senior officials.

D.  Case studies demonstrate identical architectures; cities merely copy a universal template with negligible localisation or institutional adaptation required.

Question 9. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 3?

Far from being a techno-toy, the twin compels officials to justify interventions with legible evidence, thereby disciplining impulse and rewarding foresight.

A.  By demanding clear rationales for actions, the twin tames rash decision-making and rewards plans supported by transparent, comprehensible proof.

B.  Although technically sophisticated, the twin occasionally validates hunches, encouraging improvisation and privileging charismatic leadership over measurable outcomes and empirical rigor.

C.  Because the model dazzles audiences, leaders can justify decisions aesthetically, elevating presentation quality above empirical consistency or procedural discipline.

D.  The platform mainly archives old memos so officials can cite precedent, thereby avoiding responsibility for present-day choices under uncertainty.

Question 10. Which of the following best summarises the passage?

A.  Digital twins, opened to citizens, transform data into shared judgement, enabling preventive, equitable management rather than reactive, opaque fixes.

B.  Without national legislation, municipal twins are marketing theatre that obscures unavoidable austerity while consolidating power among private vendors.

C.  Digital twins mainly increase surveillance capacity, optimising enforcement logistics and accelerating disciplinary actions across urban jurisdictions.

D.  Citizen dashboards replace representative institutions, establishing direct democracy through automated polling and instant scenario ratification citywide.

Read the following announcement and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 11 to 16.

2025 Us-Vietnam Business Summit: Strengthening Economic Ties Between Two Nations

The 8th Annual US-Vietnam Business Summit, (11) ______ on November 12, 2025, in Hanoi, serves as the premier forum for bilateral trade dialogue and investment exploration. This prestigious gathering will unite government officials, corporate executives, and (12) ______ representatives from both countries.

Summit Objectives

Participants will navigate a comprehensive (13) ______ of discussions covering supply chain diversification, technology transfer, and market entry strategies. Panel sessions (14) ______ by former ambassadors and trade ministers will address regulatory frameworks, intellectual property protection, and emerging opportunities in manufacturing, agriculture, and renewable energy sectors.

Business leaders seeking to (15) ______ cross-border ventures will benefit from facilitated matchmaking sessions and private consultations with trade experts. The summit provides an unparalleled platform for (16) ______ strategic alliances that capitalize on the growing economic partnership between the United States and Vietnam.

Sponsorship packages and delegate registrations are available at

https://amchamhanoi.com/business-summit-2025.

(Adapted from https://www.facebook.com/AmChamHanoi/posts/upcoming-event-2025-us-vietnam-business-summit/)

Question 11. A. convene                B. convened                C. convening                D. to convene

Question 12. A. commerce                B. commercial        C. commercially        D. commercialize

Question 13. A. portfolio                B. gamut                C. repertoire                D. inventory

Question 14.        A. moderated                B. moderating        C. moderate                D. to moderate

Question 15.        A. cement                B. consolidate        C. establish                D. secure

Question 16.        A. striking                B. sealing                C. clinching                D. forging

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 17 to 21.

        Humanity’s fascination with the cosmos has driven remarkable technological achievements over the past century. The launch of Sputnik 1 by the Soviet Union in 1957 marked the beginning of the space age, triggering an intense rivalry between superpowers. (17) _______. This unprecedented competition accelerated innovation at a pace never seen before in human history. Scientists and engineers worked tirelessly to develop more sophisticated spacecraft capable of carrying humans beyond Earth’s atmosphere. By 1961, Yuri Gagarin became the first person to orbit our planet, demonstrating that human space travel was indeed possible. (18) _______.The subsequent moon landing in 1969 represented perhaps the most iconic moment in space exploration, watched by millions worldwide. (19) _______. Today, international cooperation has replaced Cold War competition, with multiple nations contributing to shared research stations and missions. Private companies have also entered the arena, developing reusable rockets that dramatically reduce launch costs. (20) _______. Meanwhile, robotic probes continue venturing deeper into our solar system, sending back invaluable data about distant worlds. (21) _______. These ongoing efforts promise to unlock mysteries about planetary formation, the potential for extraterrestrial life, and humanity’s future among the stars.

(Adapted from https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/history-space-exploration/)

Question 17. A. Various academics maintain that, if there had not been this political tension, extraterrestrial research would have evolved significantly more gradually

B.  Numerous scholars argue that, had this international rivalry been absent, spaceflight development would have progressed substantially less rapidly

C.  Many historians contend that, without this intense geopolitical competition, space exploration would have advanced considerably more slowly

D.  Several experts assert that, if this strategic contest had not existed, cosmic exploration would have proceeded markedly more deliberately

Question 18. A. After this accomplishment, priorities moved toward maintaining continuous human activity beyond Earth through orbital facility projects

B.  Subsequently to this achievement, focus redirected to creating a permanent human occupation of space via orbital platform programs

C.  Following this milestone, attention shifted toward establishing a sustained human presence in orbit through space station initiatives

D.  Beyond this breakthrough, emphasis transitioned to developing enduring human habitation in space through station construction efforts

Question 19. A. These partnership programs feature the multinational space platform, where cosmonauts from diverse nations execute research collectively

B.  Such cooperative initiatives encompass the orbital research facility, where space travelers from multiple countries perform investigations jointly

C.  These collaborative ventures include the International Space Station, where astronauts from various nations conduct experiments cooperatively

D.  Such joint undertakings comprise the global orbital laboratory, where personnel from different countries carry out studies collaboratively

Question 20. A. Legislators have been presented the value of these breakthroughs, thereby justifying persistent allocation toward space research activities

B.  Decision-makers have been communicated the importance of these findings, thus supporting continued funding for extraterrestrial research initiatives

C.  Authorities have been conveyed the relevance of these achievements, consequently validating ongoing expenditure on cosmic investigation projects

D.  Policymakers have been explained the significance of these discoveries, helping justify sustained investment in space exploration programs

Question 21. A. Forthcoming ventures should address multiple technological difficulties, involving particle protection and survival system integrity

B.  Future missions will confront various engineering obstacles, encompassing cosmic ray shielding and environmental control dependability

C.  Upcoming expeditions must navigate numerous technical challenges, including radiation protection and life support system reliability

D.  Impending projects need to overcome several practical barriers, containing radiation defense and habitat maintenance consistency

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a cohesive and coherent text.

Question 22. a. At the same time, nearshoring trends opened opportunities in regional trade, reducing logistics uncertainty significantly.

B. As competitiveness deepens, workforce upskilling and green financing become decisive for durable export momentum ahead.

C. Northern clusters specialised in performance fabrics; southern hubs focused on design-driven, higher-margin capsules instead.

D. Upgraded machinery and lean workflows improved productivity, while compliance programs met sustainability requirements from buyers.

e. Textile exports rebounded strongly, as orders diversified and supply chains adjusted to new standards globally.

A.  d-e-a-b-c                        B. e-c-d-a-b                        C. e-d-c-a-b                        D. e-d-a-c-b

Question 23. Dear Mr. Ahmed,

A. The award includes full tuition remission and a living allowance of £1,500 monthly throughout your two-year programme.

B. Congratulations! You have been awarded the International Excellence Scholarship at Cambridge Institute of Technology.

C. To secure this scholarship, submit your acceptance declaration and supporting documents via the student portal by February 1st.

D. Initial disbursement occurs upon enrolment confirmation, with subsequent payments released monthly on the first business day.

e. For queries about award conditions or payment schedules, reach our scholarship office at awards@cambridge-tech.ac.uk or ring 01223-456789.

Warm wishes,

Scholarships Administration

A.  b-a-d-c-e                        B. a-b-c-d-e                        C. b-a-c-d-e                        D. b-c-a-d-e

Question 24. a. Dr. Peterson: You’re very welcome, Hannah. Your dedication to this project has been impressive.

B. Hannah: Your feedback has been incredibly valuable and has really helped shape my arguments.

C. Hannah: Dr. Peterson, I wanted to thank you for all your guidance on my dissertation research.

A.  b-a-c                        B. c-a-b                        C. b-c-a                        D. c-b-a

Question 25. a. Amelia: Do you still use cameras or just take photos with your phone?

B. Henry: Mostly my phone now, but cameras produce higher-quality pictures.

C. Amelia: I agree, though smartphones make photography more accessible.

D. Henry: Yes, each captures memories in its own unique way.

e. Amelia: It’s amazing how both can express art and emotion differently.

A.  a-b-c-d-e                         B. a-c-b-d-e                         C. a-b-d-c-e                         D. b-a-d-e-c

Question 26. a. During my sophomore year, I joined the university newspaper while carrying five demanding courses simultaneously.

B. I thought I could handle both responsibilities brilliantly without sacrificing sleep or social connections.

C. Unfortunately, chronic exhaustion affected my writing quality and my academic performance declined noticeably across all subjects.

D. This challenging semester was instructive and revealed that overcommitment ultimately compromises everything rather than enhancing anything.

e. Afterward, I resigned from the newspaper and focused on academics, learning to prioritize commitments based on capacity.

A.  a-b-c-d-e                        B. b-a-c-e-d                        C. a-b-c-e-d                        D. d-a-b-c-e

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 27 to 34.

        Comparing public support across energy sectors is far from neat. Definitions diverge, and implicit benefits often elude accountants. Because definitions vary and implicit support is hard to measure, like-for-like comparisons are inherently fraught. Policymakers justify subsidies to catalyse investment, stabilise supply, and protect jobs. Some supports are explicit – tax credits or grants – while others are tacit, emerging through murky pricing of pollution or discounted access to public resources. Hence, totals depend on what is counted, who is counting, and in which developmental stage an industry sits.

        For renewables in Australia, policy scaffolding is extensive. The Renewable Energy Target mandates retailer purchases via tradable certificates; costs largely flow to consumers, not the Commonwealth. The Capacity Investment Scheme uses competitive tenders to underwrite generation and storage revenue. Agencies such as ARENA dispense grants, while the CEFC provides concessional finance. Grid upgrades under Rewiring the Nation enable new transmission. Recent budget settings – e.g., the “Future Made in Australia” package – steer billions toward clean projects, shaping market maturity more than handing out cash.

        Support for coal and gas has deep roots. Earlier public ownership and legacy rules still matter, and studies argue implicit aid can dwarf explicit outlays. The Fuel Tax Credit Scheme alone runs into the billions annually, alongside instruments like the PRRT settings. Governments also co-fund enabling infrastructure – ports, roads, and industrial precincts whose “common use” facilities primarily service gas processing. In short, these factors collectively buoy incumbents: fiscal concessions, capital works, and permissive accounting of environmental externalities.

        Set side-by-side, the two systems of support do not map cleanly. Renewables benefit from market-making mechanisms that crowd in private capital; fossil fuels enjoy entrenched assistance, often hidden in baseline rules. Both streams are consequential, yet their intents differ: one accelerates an emergent sector; the other sustains a mature one. Debates persist over scope – do consumer-funded certificate costs count, or only line-item appropriations? Until a consensus taxonomy emerges, headline claims about “who gets more” will remain contestable.

(Adapted from Energy Fact Check Australia, 22 April 2025)

Question 27. Which of the following is TRUE according to paragraph 1?

A.  Explicit subsidies are always larger than implicit ones in every sector.

B.  The difficulty in comparison arises partly from divergent definitions of “subsidy.”

C.  Policymakers rarely use employment as a justification for subsidies.

D.  Industry stage has no bearing on how supports are interpreted.

Question 28. The word murky in paragraph 1 can be best replaced by ______?

A.  pellucid                B. opaque                        C. crystalline                        D. luminous

Question 29. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 2 as a form of support for renewables?

A.  Competitive tenders that underwrite project revenue

B.  Concessional loans from a public financier

C.  Direct retail purchase obligations via certificates

D.  Guaranteed fuel tax rebates for wind and solar

Question 30. The word these in paragraph 3 refers to ______.

A.  renewable energy certificates and budget appropriations

B.  capital works, fiscal concessions, and lax externality pricing

C.  retailer obligations and consumer pass-through costs

D.  ARENA grants and CEFC loans

Question 31. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 1?

A.  Inconsistent categorization and unmeasured indirect support complicate efforts to compare subsidies accurately across sectors.

B.  Because subsidy definitions differ and hidden benefits elude accounting, apples-to-apples comparisons remain problematic.

C.  Divergent definitions and elusive implicit aid make direct subsidy comparisons methodologically challenging and potentially misleading.

D.  Since what counts as a subsidy is unsettled and hidden benefits resist quantification, strict, equal comparisons break down.

Question 32. The word underwrite in paragraph 2 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.

A.  insure                B. backstop                        C. expose                        D. guarantee

Question 33. Which paragraph mentions that entrenched assistance for fossil fuels often comes via infrastructure and tax settings?

A.  Paragraph 1        B. Paragraph 2                C. Paragraph 3                D. Paragraph 4

Question 34. Which paragraph mentions that bold budget packages channel significant funding toward clean projects without always using direct cash transfers?

A.  Paragraph 4        B. Paragraph 2                C. Paragraph 1                D. Paragraph 3t

Read the following announcement and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 35 to 40.

Join the University Debate Society

I. About us

The University Debate Society has been fostering critical thinking and public speaking skills since 1995. Our members regularly compete at national and international tournaments, making (35) ______ to the university’s reputation for academic excellence.

II. Membership benefits

• Access to weekly training sessions with experienced coaches

• Opportunities to travel to competitions across the country

• Development of (36) ______ that employers highly value

• A supportive community of like-minded students

III. Getting involved

Whether you’re a seasoned debater (37) ______ a complete beginner, we welcome all students who wish to improve their communication abilities. We meet every Tuesday and Thursday evening, and membership requires only a (38) ______ of enthusiasm and commitment. Our training program covers various debate formats, research techniques, and presentation strategies. Members also gain access to our extensive library of debate resources and can (39) ______ for leadership positions within the society. The annual membership fee is minimal and covers all activities, (40) ______ tournament entry fees, which are subsidized by the university.

For more information, visit our website or attend our open house on September 10th.

(Adapted from https://www.theguardian.com/education/2019/oct/15/university-debate-societies)

Question 35. A. donations                B. contributions        C. distributions        D. provisions

Question 36. A. critical valuable skills                        B. valuable critical skills

C.  valuable skills critical                        D. critical skills valuable

Question 37. A. or                        B. nor                        C. so                        D. yet

Question 38. A. pinch                B. drop                C. grain                D. speck

Question 39. A. run                        B. take                C. make                D. do

Question 40. A. in                        B. except                C. despite                D. beyond