Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 1 to 10.

        Frontier AI – highly capable, general-purpose systems – has catalysed calls for “compute caps,” tiered thresholds that condition or limit access to training resources. The impetus is prudential: if claims about development and use cannot be verified, rivalry may spiral into an arms-race dynamic. Here, verification means attesting to training properties, safety testing, and deployment footprints without divulging proprietary artefacts. [I] If routine, trusted attestation emerged, it could temper escalation, enable fairer diffusion of benefits, and normalise accountable practices across jurisdictions.

        Proponents argue that compute is a tractable intervention point. It is necessary (frontier training is compute-hungry), detectable (resource-intensive clusters), excludable (physical and licensable), quantifiable (operations, memory, interconnects), and concentrated (few firms control cutting-edge chips and hyperscale facilities). This concentration reduces the number of gatekeepers a verification regime must enlist. [II] On this view, compute caps operationalise verification: calibrated thresholds trigger disclosures, licences, or denials, aligning incentives for compliance while retaining room for research and small-scale experimentation.

        A complementary design is compute-based reporting: model developers pre-notify a public authority before large training runs; compute providers verify notification before provisioning; and cryptographic or hardware attestations log usage. If verification remains patchy and parochial, mutual suspicion will metastasize and erode restraint. [III] Hardware-enabled mechanisms (tamper-evident power/bandwidth monitors, enclave-based attestations) could verify properties of training or deployment without exposing model internals, creating auditable footprints that make caps enforceable and proportionate.

        Challenges persist. The transparency-security trade-off is acute: revealing locations or capacities may leak sensitive signals. Mitigations include confidential computing, multilateral audits to rule out backdoors, and neutral data centres jointly secured by rival parties. Retrofitted mechanisms can help in the near term; next-generation chips might embed verifiability by design. [IV] Meanwhile, adversaries could route around controls via alternative jurisdictions, so any cap-and-verify architecture must prioritise interoperability, supply-chain integrity, and credible, cross-border enforcement.

(Adapted from United Nations Secretary-General’s Scientific Advisory Board, “Verification of Frontier AI,” June 2025)

Question 1. According to paragraph 2, compute is deemed “excludable” because ______.

A.  licensing frameworks are universally harmonised across all major geopolitical blocs today

B.  software algorithms remain inherently opaque and thus cannot be independently audited

C.  its physical nature allows access to be restricted through hardware control and policy

D.  small developer collectives can always circumvent controls by pooling dispersed resources

Question 2. The word excludable in paragraph 2 mostly means ______.

A.  tightly controllable                                        B. broadly permissive

C.  loosely supervised                                D. minimally regulated

Question 3. Which of the following best summarises paragraph 1?

A.  Compute caps eliminate all competitive pressures by restricting data access globally.

B.  Verification replaces intellectual-property law by mandating disclosure of model code.

C.  Frontier AI expansion mainly depends on public trust rather than technical governance.

D.  Verification that protects confidentiality can justify compute caps to reduce escalation.

Question 4. What does compute-based reporting require from developers and providers?

A.  Providers must publish proprietary model weights once training throughput exceeds thresholds.

B.  Developers pre-notify authorities; providers verify notification before provisioning large compute.

C.  Developers disclose training datasets in full; providers audit algorithmic source code line-by-line.

D.  Providers auction access; developers submit bids that determine caps for each training epoch.

Question 5. What are hardware-enabled mechanisms intended to verify?

A.  Open-source licences only                        B. Personnel background checks

C.  Selected training properties securely                D. Consumer end-use declarations

Question 6. The phrase This concentration in paragraph 2 refers to ______.

A.  compute oligopoly                                        B. safety protocols

C.  model weights                                        D. export controls

Question 7. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 3?

If verification remains patchy and parochial, mutual suspicion will metastasize and erode restraint.

A.  Should attestation mechanisms exhibit fragmentation and narrow scope, confidence deficits compound systemically, progressively undermining voluntary compliance norms among rivals.

B.  If verification achieves international coordination, competitive pressures intensify paradoxically as transparency exposes asymmetries, prompting states to abandon collaborative restraint.

C.  When verification mandates exhaustive disclosure, adversaries demonstrate greater compliance because comprehensive transparency reduces ambiguity and enables precise trust-building.

D.  Provided verification remains fragmented nationally, inter-state tensions naturally attenuate because opacity enables face-saving ambiguity without triggering accountability pressures.

Question 8. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

A.  Compute caps are unnecessary once interpretability tools fully expose internal model mechanisms everywhere.

B.  Concentrated chip manufacturing and hyperscale provision make cooperation from fewer actors potentially sufficient.

C.  Confidential computing eliminates all risks associated with the transparency-security trade-off in perpetuity.

D.  Neutral data centres cannot contribute because they invariably compromise national security prerogatives.

Question 9. Where in the passage does the following sentence best fit?

These five properties make compute a natural chokepoint for tiered caps and enforceable disclosures.

A.  [I]                                B. [II]                        C. [III]                                D. [IV]

Question 10. Which of the following best summarises the passage?

A.  Interpretability research alone can stabilise geopolitics; compute governance adds little practical value.

B.  Data provenance controls are superior to compute caps for every frontier-AI risk scenario.

C.  Compute-anchored verification – via reporting and hardware attestations – can operationalise calibrated caps despite real trade-offs.

D.  Export controls guarantee equitable access, making multilateral verification frameworks redundant worldwide.

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 11 to 16.

Grand Mall Year-End Shopping Festival

           Festival Duration: December 20-31, 2025

        Special Offers: Up to 70% discount on selected items

        Payment & Rewards:

        Dear Shoppers,

        Join us for the biggest shopping event of the year! We have (11) ______ an exclusive partnership with leading brands to bring you unbeatable deals. Customers who spend over $200 will receive (12) ______ of complimentary gift vouchers worth $50.

        Shopping can be done online (13) ______ in-store, with free delivery for orders above $100. Our (14) ______ fashion collection features the latest trends from international designers.

        All purchases qualify (15) ______ our loyalty program, earning you points redeemable on future visits. Don’t miss this opportunity to (16) ______ advantage of unprecedented savings while stocks last!

        Visit us at: 123 Main Street or www.grandmall.com

        Terms and conditions apply.

(Adapted from retail promotional materials)

Question 11. A. forged                 B. struck                 C. formed                 D. made

Question 12. A. a bunch                 B. a set                 C. a load                 D. a pile

Question 13. A. and                 B. or                         C. nor                         D. but

Question 14. A. exclusive designer new                         B. new exclusive designer

                         C. designer new exclusive                         D. new designer exclusive

Question 15. A. for                         B. to                         C. with                 D. in

Question 16. A. seize                 B. grasp                 C. capture                 D. take

Read the following announcement and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 17 to 22.

Quốc Học Huế Student Makes History at Olympia Finals

Duy Khoa, a senior at Quốc Học Huế High School, has advanced to the finals of "Olympia 2025," extending his school’s remarkable (17) ______ in Vietnam’s most prestigious academic competition. This marks the eighth consecutive year that a student from this historic institution has reached the championship round. 

Competition Highlights

The quarter-final round (18) ______ last Sunday featured intense challenges across mathematics, literature, science, and cultural knowledge. Khoa demonstrated exceptional performance, securing the highest score among competitors. The finals will bring together four outstanding students, each (19) ______ represents their province’s academic excellence.

About the Competition

"Olympia" offers participants access to a substantial (20) ______ of scholarships and educational opportunities. Previous champions have gone on to attend (21) ______ universities worldwide. The grand finale is scheduled for early November at Vietnam Television studios in Hanoi, where Khoa will (22) ______ against three other finalists for the coveted crown.

For complete coverage, visit https://vtv.vn/.

(Adapted from https://tuoitre.vn)

Question 17. A. achieve                B. achieving                C. achievement        D. achievable

Question 18. A. broadcast                                        B. broadcasting        

C.  to broadcast                                D. having broadcast

Question 19. A. of whom                B. that                        C. whose                D. at which

Question 20. A. variety                B. scale                C. extent                D. scope

Question 21. A. prestigious                B. prestige                C. prestigiously        D. prestigiousness

Question 22. A. stand out                B. face off                C. catch on                D. bear out

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a cohesive and coherent exchange or text in each of the following questions.

Question 23. a. Parks and recreational facilities proliferated throughout residential districts, enhancing quality of life for local communities.

B. Such initiatives reflect Hanoi’s commitment to environmental sustainability and improved urban living standards.

C. Over recent decades, Hanoi has prioritised ecological development by expanding its green spaces significantly.

D. Additionally, tree-lined boulevards replaced congested streets, creating pleasant pedestrian-friendly zones across the capital.

e. The expansion was particularly evident along West Lake, where waterfront gardens and cycling paths were established.

A.  c-e-a-d-b                        B. c-a-b-e-d                        C. c-d-e-a-b                        D. c-e-d-b-a

Question 24. a. To qualify, open or top up an account with a minimum balance of 50 million.

B. Once funds clear, your deposit certificate will reflect the rate and automatic rollover.

C. This promotion runs until 30 June and may close early if allocated funds exhaust.

D. For personalised advice, contact our savings desk or schedule a consultation via app.

e. We are pleased to announce a promotional interest rate for new six-month deposits.

A.  e-b-a-c-d                        B. e-a-b-c-d                        C. a-e-b-d-c                        D. e-a-c-b-d

Question 25. a. Emma: That sounds wonderful! I’m planning to visit my grandparents in the countryside.

B. Michael: Oh, that’s lovely. Make sure to take lots of photos for us!

C. Michael: So, what are you up to this weekend? Any exciting plans?

A.  c-b-a                        B. a-c-b                        C. b-a-c                        D. c-a-b

Question 26. a. Michael: Right, that collective excitement adds a sense of connection and shared emotion.

B. Sarah: Do you think watching movies at the cinema is still worth it?

C. Sarah: So I’d say both experiences deserve their place depending on the occasion.

D. Sarah: I agree, but the atmosphere in a cinema is truly irreplaceable.

e. Michael: Sometimes yes, but streaming online has become so comfortable for most people.

A.  a-b-c-d-e                        B. b-e-d-a-c                        C. b-a-c-e-d                        D. a-b-d-e-c

Question 27. a. My teammates and I pulled out all the stops to design an innovative experiment about plant growth.

B. In reality, our hypothesis turned out to be completely wrong and our data made no sense whatsoever.

C. Last semester, I joined a group science project that required teamwork and creative thinking from everyone involved.

D. That failure actually helped me understand that scientific mistakes are valuable learning opportunities worth embracing.

e. Rather than feeling defeated, we analyzed our errors and presented what we learned from the failed experiment.

A.  a-c-e-b-d                        B. c-a-b-e-d                        C. c-b-a-d-e                        D. d-c-a-b-e

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 28 to 32.

        Writing systems have transformed human civilization by enabling the preservation and transmission of knowledge across generations. (28) _______. These early systems laid the foundation for more sophisticated forms of written communication that would follow.

        The transition from pictographic to phonetic writing marked a revolutionary leap in linguistic expression. (29) _______. This development allowed scribes to represent abstract concepts and complex grammatical structures with greater precision and flexibility.

        As writing systems evolved, they became increasingly accessible to broader segments of society. (30) _______. The democratization of literacy fundamentally altered social hierarchies and power dynamics in ancient civilizations.

        The invention of the alphabet represented perhaps the most significant innovation in writing history. (31) _______. This efficiency made literacy attainable for ordinary citizens, not just specialized scribes and priests.

        Modern writing systems continue to evolve in response to technological advances and cultural exchange. (32) _______. Today, digital communication has introduced new conventions and hybrid forms that blend traditional writing with visual elements.

(Adapted from Britannica, “Writing: History of Writing Systems”)

Question 28. A. Ancient Mesopotamian cuneiform emerged alongside Egyptian hieroglyphics, both systems designed to document administrative and liturgical texts

B.  Cuneiform development by Mesopotamians coincided with Egyptian hieroglyphic creation, systems serving administrative and religious documentation

C.  Ancient Mesopotamians pioneered cuneiform while Egyptians devised hieroglyphics for recording administrative operations and religious observances

D.  Administrative documentation utilized hieroglyphics, whereas ancient Mesopotamians and Egyptians collaboratively developed cuneiform for liturgical purposes

Question 29. A. Sumerian scribes transitioned from representing tangible objects to encoding phonetic elements rather than semantic concepts

B.  Physical object depiction gave way to sound representation as Sumerian scribes shifted from pictographic to phonetic notation

C.  Rather than encoding spoken sounds, Sumerian scribes initially depicted concrete objects to convey semantic meaning directly

D.  Sumerian scribes initiated phonetic representation instead of depicting physical objects or semantic concepts through pictographic means

Question 30. A. Complex scripts underwent simplification, facilitating mercantile exchange and educational access previously restricted to privileged classes

B.  Trade and educational opportunities remained confined to elites until complex scripts necessitated orthographic simplification

C.  Script simplification catalyzed commercial expansion, which had previously encouraged education limited to literate elite classes

D.  Orthographic simplification promoted commercial activity and educational proliferation, domains previously monopolized by elite literate classes

Question 31. A. Alphabetic systems encoded complete phonemic inventories using merely two dozen characters, contrasting with syllabaries requiring hundreds

B.  Unlike syllabaries necessitating hundreds of symbols, alphabetic systems required approximately two dozen characters to represent comprehensive phonemic ranges

C.  Syllabaries demanded hundreds of symbols for sound representation, whereas alphabetic systems necessitated roughly two dozen characters

D.  Approximately two dozen characters sufficed for alphabetic systems, contrasting with syllabaries requiring hundreds of symbols for complete phonemic coverage

Question 32. A. Unicode standards preserve linguistic diversity by enabling diverse script coexistence within digital environments throughout the internet age

B.  Diverse scripts maintain linguistic diversity; consequently, Unicode standards facilitate internet-age digital space functionality

C.  Unicode standards facilitate diverse script coexistence in digital spaces, preserving linguistic diversity throughout the internet age

D.  The internet age maintains diverse scripts through Unicode standards enabling linguistic diversity coexistence in digital spaces

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 33 to 40.

        “Deepfakes” describe synthetic images or videos produced by deep learning, in which algorithms ingest vast examples and generate outputs with unsettling verisimilitude. As infants learn by trial and error, so do models that, once trained, can mimic patterns without “seeing” reality. The process is often concealed from laypeople, and yet the consequences – if such media were trusted uncritically – could be profound. Although the technology is frequently showcased as innovation, it has also been framed in the passive voice: harms are incurred, norms are unsettled, and trust is diluted.

        Unlike playful face-swap filters or clumsy photoshop hoaxes – typically benign, self-evident, and intended for amusement – high-grade deepfakes are dangerous precisely because they are hard to spot. The casual edits that once circulated as jokes could be laughed off; deepfakes, by contrast, may pass as authentic even to trained eyes. If the public confuses fabrication with documentary record, deliberation is corrupted, reputations are damaged, and accountability is displaced, whereas the tool that enables the fakery remains invisible to most observers.

        The stakes range from petty fraud to geopolitical chaos. Personalized clips can depict a relative begging for money, while counterfeit speeches by leaders might inflame unrest or catalyze war. When they proliferate across feeds, the velocity of misinformation outpaces the capacity for verification; by the time a correction is issued, the lie has already traveled. Should emergency systems be spoofed, officials could be forced into reactive postures, and citizens – misled by plausible footage – might act on fabricated cues.

        Vigilance is teachable, and detection is becoming algorithmic. AI systems can be trained to notice artifacts that humans typically miss, which could expose forgeries. Yet media literacy still matters: users should interrogate extraordinary claims, verify sources, and pause before sharing. If safeguards are adopted early, damage may be contained; if not, the asymmetry between forgers and fact-checkers will widen. Although deepfakes are not yet ubiquitous, their prevalence and polish are likely to increase, making prudent skepticism indispensable.

(Adapted from University of Virginia Information Security: “What the heck is a deepfake? Can you really believe what you see?”)

Question 33. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 2 as a reason ordinary edits seem harmless?

A.  They are designed mainly for amusement.

B.  They are easy for viewers to spot as fake.

C.  They typically appear as obvious, joking alterations.

D.  They require expert authorization from platforms.

Question 34. The word verisimilitude in paragraph 1 can be best replaced by ______?

A.  likeness                B. deviation                        C. obscurity                        D. discord

Question 35. The word benign in paragraph 2 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.

A.  harmful                B. trivial                        C. gentle                        D. innocuous

Question 36. The word they in paragraph 3 refers to ______.

A.  emergency systems                                B. deepfake videos circulating online

C.  government officials                                D. fact-checking organizations

Question 37. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4?

A.  AI detection improves human observation by highlighting anomalies that trained analysts can then verify independently.

B.  Automated systems complement human expertise by flagging suspicious patterns for further forensic examination.

C.  Machine-learning tools, once trained, detect subtle cues invisible to people and thereby identify fabricated media.

D.  Machine learning identifies manipulation traces imperceptible to unaided vision, enabling reliable forgery detection.

Question 38. Which of the following is TRUE according to paragraph 1?

A.  Deepfake models emulate patterns from large datasets rather than perceiving reality directly, somewhat like infant learning.

B.  The public widely understands how deep learning operates, so the risks are already minimal in everyday contexts.

C.  Deepfakes depend on specialized hardware that completely prevents any misuse by untrained individuals online.

D.  Because outputs are always imperfect, deepfakes cannot meaningfully influence public trust or social norms.

Question 39. Which paragraph mentions small-scale scams involving fabricated pleas from family members?
A. Paragraph 1        B. Paragraph 2                C. Paragraph 3                D. Paragraph 4

Question 40. Which paragraph mentions the contrast between face-swap amusements and hard-to-detect forgeries?

A.  Paragraph 1        B. Paragraph 2                C. Paragraph 3                D. Paragraph 4