Read the following passage about urbanization in Australia and mark the letter A, B, C, D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer t...

Read the following passage about urbanization in Australia and mark the letter A, B, C, D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

Urbanization in Australia has become one of the most significant transformations in the country over the past few decades. Australia, with a population of over 26 million, has seen a remarkable shift from rural to urban living. According to the World Bank, the percentage of Australia's urban population has grown from 24% in 2001 to over 34% in 2021. This shift is driven by various factors, including economic opportunities, improved infrastructure, and better living conditions in urban areas. As more people migrate from rural regions, cities have expanded, and new urban centers have emerged.

The primary factor contributing to Australia's urbanization is the pursuit of better economic opportunities. In cities, there is a greater concentration of industries, services, and commercial enterprises, making them attractive destinations for those seeking employment. According to the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO), rural-to-urban migration in Australia has increased significantly due to job prospects in sectors like IT, manufacturing, and retail. These economic hubs provide higher wages and a broader scope for career growth, leading to a massive influx of people into urban areas in search of better livelihoods.

Another important factor driving urbanization in Australia is the improvement in infrastructure and amenities in cities. Over the years, urban areas have witnessed the development of better roads, healthcare, education, and sanitation services. These factors have made cities more livable and have attracted people from less-developed rural regions. For instance, cities like Sydney, Perth, and Melbourne have become global tech hubs, offering state-of-the-art infrastructure and attracting a skilled workforce. Moreover, the government's focus on “Smart Cities” initiatives has led to advancements in digital services, transportation, and sustainability projects that further enhance the appeal of urban life.

However, urbanization in Australia also presents significant challenges. The rapid growth of cities has resulted in overcrowding, inadequate housing, and increasing pollution. Furthermore, the demand for affordable housing is at an all-time high, and urban slums are proliferating, where millions of people live in substandard conditions. Addressing these challenges requires coordinated efforts from both the government and the private sector to ensure that urbanization is sustainable and equitable.

(Adapted from https://link.springer.com)

Question 23: Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor driving urbanization in Australia?

A. The availability of better job opportunities
B. The influence of government policies on migration
C. The expansion of cities and new urban centers
D. The improvement of infrastructure in urban areas