Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22.
Housing justice has become central to urban politics as tenant groups, researchers and local communities draw attention to the fact that affordability is shaped not only by how much gets built, but by who controls land, credit and redevelopment. For that reason, many city governments, which once treated rising property values as signs of success, (18)__________, but as a precondition for stable communities and equal access to opportunity.
This change has been driven not only by worsening affordability, but also by growing recognition that displacement damages more than household finances. When families are pushed out of familiar neighbourhoods, they often lose access to childcare, transport routes and informal support, a disruption (19)__________. Yet official responses still tend to treat the crisis as a technical problem of volume rather than power. (20)__________. In practice, construction can expand overall supply while doing little to protect residents most exposed to eviction, rent shocks and speculative turnover.
The debate becomes sharper when environmental goals are added. Buildings are retrofitted, transit links are improved and investment returns are celebrated, (21)__________. Without stronger tenant protections and firmer limits on speculation, cities may become greener and more connected in appearance, (22)__________.
Question 18:
A. have increasingly come to frame housing as not merely a commodity
B. having increasingly came to frame housing not merely as a commodity
C. had increasingly come to frame housing not merely as a commodity
D. have increasingly come to frame housing not merely as a commodity
