Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks.

FUEL YOUR FUTURE: HARNESS THE POWER OF PERPETUAL LEARNING

Our all-inclusive learning programs are crafted to help you reach your full (1) ______ and thrive in today’s rapidly evolving world. Whether you’re looking to enhance your skills for a new career or simply want to broaden your knowledge, we provide a diverse (2) ______ of courses tailored to your needs. From comprehensive workshops to flexible online options, our offerings deliver an engaging and (3) ______ learning experience. Gain insights from leading industry experts (4) ______ are eager to share their knowledge, and enjoy personalized learning paths (5) ______ your goals and interests. By becoming part of our global community of lifelong learners, you’ll connect with professionals worldwide and expand your network. Seize this opportunity to invest in yourself - enroll today and (6) ______ your continuous professional growth.

(Adapted from LinkedIn)

Question 1: 

A.  potential B. potentially C. potentiate D. potent

Question 2: 

A.  quantity B. volume C. selection D. abundance

Question 3: 

A.  misleading B. alarming C. annoying D. fulfilling

Question 4: 

A.  who B. whose C. whom D. where

Question 5: 

A.  have reflected B. reflected C. reflecting D. to reflect

Question 6: 

A.  live on B. insist on C. depend on D. embark on

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 7 to 14.

Crowd logistics — a paradigm in which deliveries are handled by a distributed network of freelance drivers and everyday commuters — is reshaping last-mile transportation. This model leverages sophisticated mobile apps and geolocation tools to assign parcels to nearby participants and enhance delivery speed. It also collects real-time tracking data on commuter availability and vehicle positioning to coordinate the process effectively.

Participants, whether students or retirees, can register through a platform that verifies their identities and preferred travel routes. When a delivery task matches someone’s usual journey, the system incorporates it into their route. The platform monitors package locations during transit and detects deviations such as off-route movements or long idle periods, helping resolve incidents before they escalate.

From a sustainability standpoint, crowd logistics provides multiple ecological and economic gains. It capitalizes on pre-existing travel plans, thereby limiting the need for additional transport and cutting emissions. This becomes particularly advantageous in gridlocked cities, where vehicle overpopulation exacerbates air quality and logistical inefficiencies. The model’s lean operating structure and shared workload also minimize financial overhead, allowing it to scale without compromising affordability.

Behind the scenes, data analytics synthesize vast repositories of trip data to pinpoint logistical choke points, forecast regional demand fluctuations, and refine routing algorithms. While some platforms use blockchain to confirm package handovers and timestamp arrivals, others rely on cloud-based logs to track service quality and maintain accountability. These mechanisms ensure that delivery histories remain accessible, verifiable, and strategically useful.

(Adapted from ResearchGate)

Question 7: Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as a function of crowd logistics systems?

A. Assigning deliveries based on user location B. Enhancing delivery speed through mobile tools
C. Gathering real-time data on traffic conditions D. Utilizing geolocation for routing efficiency

Question 8: The word monitors in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ______.

A. tracks B. navigates C. controls D. determines

Question 9: The word it in paragraph 2 refers to ______.

A. platform B. delivery task C. journey D. system

Question 10: The word compromising in paragraph 3 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.

A. negotiating B. preserving C. weakening D. arguing

Question 11: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 3?

A. This system significantly reduces environmental and logistical burdens in developing areas struggling with dense vehicle networks.

B. The model shows moderate usefulness in urban spaces that face traffic limitations and delivery slowdowns.
C. In urban zones plagued by traffic overload, this approach provides both environmental and operational support substantially.
D. Crowd logistics seems reasonably suitable in locations where transit congestion affects system performance.

Question 12: Which of the following is TRUE according to paragraph 4?

A. Certain platforms make use of blockchain to validate critical delivery milestones.
B. Access to delivery records appears to be restricted to a specific group of employees.
C. Route optimization tools are sometimes avoided to reduce computational costs.
D. Stored data from completed trips is often erased to prevent long-term retention.

Question 13: Which paragraph refers to using driver availability data to organize delivery assignments?

A. Paragraph 1  B. Paragraph 2  C. Paragraph 3  D. Paragraph 4

Question 14: Which paragraph describes a preventive mechanism to handle potential route problems?

A. Paragraph 1  B. Paragraph 2  C. Paragraph 3  D. Paragraph 4

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 15 to 24.

"Al washing"—the practice of exaggerating artificial intelligence capabilities to appear more innovative—is creating a serious credibility crisis. Much like its predecessor, greenwashing, this trend threatens to erode trust and stifle genuine progress. [I] But this is not simply a marketing issue. It is a reflection of a flawed organizational culture, one that often starts at the very top and is driven by a fundamental disconnect between leadership and technology.

The problem is often rooted in a lack of technical literacy among senior executives. When leaders cannot critically evaluate AI's true capabilities and limitations, they become susceptible to internal hype and external market pressures. This knowledge gap fosters an environment where unsubstantiated claims go unchecked, driven by a corporate culture that prizes the appearance of "perpetual innovation" and is gripped by a fear of missing out (FOMO). [II] The focus shifts to short-term stock performance and market buzz, incentivizing the use of "AI" as a label rather than a deeply integrated, value-creating tool.

Countering this requires a deliberate and profound cultural shift, moving away from hype and toward integrity. Organizations must instill a culture of rigorous transparency and accountability, where all technological claims are substantiated through internal audits before being publicized. This involves creating an environment of healthy skepticism, where employees are empowered to ask hard questions and challenge unsubstantiated assertions. [III] Success must be redefined, shifting focus from short-term market reactions to long-term value creation, measured by tangible improvements in efficiency and real return on investment.

The responsibility for championing this change falls squarely on the CEOs, who must serve as the organization's ethical gatekeepers. [IV] True leadership demands rejecting the allure of inflated claims in favor of an honest, evidence-based approach to technology. The companies that will thrive in the AI era will not be those who shout the loudest, but those who build sustainable value through authentic innovation. In the end, the real rewards of AI—and the enduring trust of customers and investors—will belong to the organizations that choose substance over spectacle.

Question 15: By deliberately overstating their use of artificial intelligence, companies ultimately engender ______.

A. a flawed organizational culture that starts at the very top
B. a fundamental disconnect between a firm’s leadership and its marketing
C. a marketing issue comparable to its predecessor, greenwashing
D. a loss of public confidence and subsequent reputational harm

Question 16: The word stifle in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ______.

A. suppress B. delay C. discredit D. reverse

Question 17: The word they in paragraph 2 refers to ______.

A. limitations B. capabilities C. leaders D. market pressures

Question 18: Which of the following best summarises paragraph 2?

A. The practice of overstating AI capabilities is a reaction to outside pressures, where intense market competition and investor expectations compel executives to prioritize short-term buzz over demonstrable substance and value.
B. Overstating AI capabilities can be a deliberate strategy in which a company’s leadership knowingly takes advantage of a hype-driven culture to inflate its market valuation with unsubstantiated technological claims from its teams.

C. The tendency to overstate AI capabilities often arises when leadership lacks technological discernment, the organization chases the perception of being innovative, and financial incentives reward immediate market excitement.
D. A lack of technological understanding at the executive level fosters a corporate environment preoccupied with appearances, which in turn redirects company priorities toward short-term stock performance and market buzz.

Question 19: Why might high-level decision-makers misjudge a new technology’s potential?

A. An inability to grasp the technology’s true boundaries.
B. An intense focus on immediate stock market fluctuations.
C. A prevailing anxiety of falling behind their competitors.
D. A mandate from the organization’s board of directors.

Question 20: What behavior is encouraged from employees in an environment of healthy skepticism?

A. The execution of internal audits before all public statements.
B. The measurement of long-term value from any new technology.
C. The redefinition of what the company considers as success.
D. The questioning of assertions not backed by sufficient proof.

Question 21: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4?

A. The CEO bears the direct responsibility for fighting for this reform, acting as the company's principal guardian of ethical conduct.

B. Due to serving as the organization's moral guardian, it becomes the CEO's explicit duty to spearhead this transformation.

C. Championing this change is a key responsibility of the CEO, a role which is more important than being the organization's ethical guardian.

D. The primary duty of supporting this change is placed upon the CEO, who is often seen as the company's ethical compass.

Question 22: Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

A. Senior executives often deliberately avoid deep technical literacy to maintain a strategic focus on short-term stock performance and market buzz.

B. A company's success in the age of AI is linked to its leadership's commitment to prioritizing genuine innovation over inflated marketing claims.

C. In firms prone to "AI washing," employees are typically discouraged because they cannot question or oppose the leadership's dubious technological claims.

D. The practice of "AI washing" is considered a more serious and immediate threat to consumer trust than the "greenwashing" that came before it.

Question 23: Where in the passage does the following sentence best fit?

In essence, their primary function is to separate operational reality from marketing hype.

A. [I] B. [III] C. [IV] D. [II]

Question 24: Which of the following best summarises the passage?

A. The current trend of overstating AI capabilities, a result of executive unfamiliarity with new tech, is a normal adoption phase that will self-correct as organizations mature and their leaders learn to prioritize authentic, long-term innovation.

B. The problem of exaggerated AI claims, originating from a lack of executive oversight, requires a compliance-based solution where CEOs implement strict internal auditing protocols to verify technological assertions before they are made public.

C. Exaggerating AI capabilities is a cultural issue stemming from leadership's technical gaps and short-term thinking, and it can be fixed by a CEO-driven commitment to honesty, rigorous validation of claims, and prioritizing sustainable growth.

D. To solve the AI washing crisis caused by a flawed corporate culture, a CEO must first instill rigorous transparency, a step which will then enable a bottom-up culture of skepticism where employees feel safe to challenge questionable assertions.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a cohesive and coherent exchange or text in each of the following questions from 25 to 29.

Question 25:
a. Despite my initial nervousness, I managed to deliver a clear presentation to the board.
b. This experience taught me the importance of preparation and boosted my confidence in public speaking.
c. My first day as a project manager was challenging, as I had to present a new initiative to senior management.
d. I spent hours researching and rehearsing to ensure I was ready for any questions.
e. The positive feedback I received afterward was encouraging and made the effort worthwhile.

A. c - a - d - b - e  B. c - d - a - e - b  C. d - c - a - e - b  D. d - a - c - b - e

Question 26:
a. Emma: I prefer e-books because they’re portable and save space.
b. John: Do you read physical books or e-books?
c. John: Me too. But I do miss the feeling of turning pages in a real book.
d. Emma: I get that. There’s something special about the smell of a new book.
e. John: Maybe we should swap recommendations for both formats!

A. e - b - a - d - c  B. b - e - a - c - d  C. e - d - c - b - a  D. b - a - c - d - e

Question 27:
a. Sarah: I can take the train; it’s only a short walk from the station.
b. Mike: Do you need any help? I can drive you if you’d like.
c. Mike: Okay, just let me know when you arrive safely.

A. b - a - c  B. a - b - c  C. c - b - a  D. b - c - a

Question 28:
Dear Mr. Johnson,
a. Please visit our website at www.horizontravel.com or call 0123-456-7890 for further information.
b. Your booking will be confirmed upon receipt of the deposit, and full details will be sent within 24 hours.
c. We are delighted to offer you a special package for a 7-day trip to Paris, valued at $2,500.
d. This exclusive offer is valid until January 15th, 2026.
e. To proceed, please submit a deposit of $500 at any of our offices.

Best regards,

Horizon Travel Agency

A. c - d - e - b - a  B. b - c - d - e - a  C. c - e - b - a - d  D. b - d - e - c - a

Question 29:
a. The city’s transformation was marked by the construction of a modern shopping mall in the central district.
b. Over the decade from 2010 to 2020, Westville underwent significant urban development.
c. This was accompanied by the introduction of new public transport systems, including a metro line.
d. The changes reflected a broader trend toward sustainability and improved infrastructure.
e. Older buildings were renovated to preserve historical value while accommodating modern needs.

A. b - c - a - d – e B. b - e - c - d – a C. b - a - c - e – d D. b - a - d - c - e

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 30 to 34.

Decades ago, educational privacy relied on paper-based records, a practice now overshadowed by digital dependence. Today, the shift reveals persistent tensions, from unauthorized data access to inconsistent regulatory frameworks, or (30) ______. Educators and technologies explore these tensions, assess their ramifications, and design responsive policies to protect student data.

Modern education increasingly integrates digital tools into core curricula, (31) ______. Meanwhile, certain institutions emphasize rapid deployment over privacy considerations. The interplay of innovation and security differs across academic environments, often revealing deeper institutional priorities. (32) ______. Progressive institutions frequently implement rigorous data safeguards, collaborate with privacy specialists, or adopt encrypted educational platforms.

(33) ______. A future trend among educators shows reluctance to adopt advanced digital tools, pointing to inherent risks. This hesitation is rooted in both insufficient expertise in privacy oversight and (34) ______.

(Adapted from ScienceDirect)

Question 30:
A. disclosure of sensitive student records without fortified privacy protocols
B. disclosing sensitive students without privacy protocols fortified records
C. after privacy protocols are fortified without disclosure of sensitive student records
D. without privacy protocols fortified for disclosing sensitive student records

Question 31:
A. thereby fostering collaborative learning is becoming more personalized
B. while the fostering of personalization and collaboration is learned
C. provided that learning is fostered by personalization and collaboration
D. and more personalized and collaborative learning is therefore fostered

Question 32:
A. As a result, more rigor is treated with data privacy in institutions that emphasize long-term resilience.
B. For instance, long-term resilience in institutions that emphasize data privacy is treated more rigorously.
C. For example, data privacy is treated with more rigor in institutions that emphasize long-term resilience.
D. On the contrary, data privacy in institutions is treated more rigorously, emphasizing long-term resilience.

Question 33:
A. Institutional confidence in digital security continues shaping professional development efforts
B. Professional development continues shaping institutional confidence in digital security
C. Confidence in professional development continues shaping digital security in institutions
D. Also, Digital security continues shaping institutional confidence in professional development

Question 34:
A. concerns regarding the reliability of educational technologies
B. in educational technologies, whose reliability raises concerns regarding them
C. due to concerns regarding educational technologies will be reliable
D. thanks to the reliability of educational technologies raising concerns

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 35 to 40.

How to Create a Sustainable Home Garden

Building a sustainable home garden is a (35) ______ pursuit that nurtures both nature and your spirit. Here’s how to cultivate a flourishing, eco-conscious garden:

• Choose native plants: Select species that naturally thrive in your region.

• Conserve water wisely: Install a rain barrel to collect runoff. This ensures your garden stays hydrated, even during dry spells, without wasting resources.

• Use eco-friendly tools: Opt for (36) ______. These sustainable garden essentials last longer and reduce the need for frequent replacements.

• Plant (37) ______ companion species: Pair plants like marigolds with vegetables to deter pests naturally. This approach is beneficial (38) ______ your garden’s ecosystem.

• Avoid over-fertilizing: Excessive nutrients can harm soil health. Use compost sparingly; (39) ______ you risk disrupting the delicate balance of your garden’s ecosystem.

By following these steps, you’ll create a verdant, eco-conscious garden that flourishes with minimal environmental impact. Your green (40) ______ will yield a bountiful harvest and a clear conscience.

Question 35:
A. amusing  B. puzzling  C. dazzling  D. fulfilling
 

Question 36: 

A. gardening high-quality equipment B. high-quality gardening equipment
C. equipment gardening high-quality D. high-quality equipment gardening

Question 37:
A. a few  B. a little  C. much  D. any
 

Question 38:
A. with  B. of  C. to  D. on
 

Question 39:
A. however  B. otherwise  C. therefore  D. although
 

Question 40:
A. finger  B. foot  C. hand  D. thumb