Read the following announcement and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6.

Visitor Information - Downtown Heritage District

        Welcome to our historic downtown area! To help visitors (1) ______ their way around our charming district, we have prepared this essential guide.

        Getting Around:

        • Main attractions are within walking distance of each other

        • Free maps available at the Information Center (2) ______ at participating shops

        • Follow the blue pedestrian signs to reach major landmarks

        • Take advantage of our (3) ______ of guided walking tours departing every hour from City Hall Square

        Important Directions:

        The Heritage Museum is located (4) ______ the intersection of Oak Street and Park Avenue. From the train station, head north along Main Street for approximately ten minutes, then turn right at the traffic lights. You will see our (5) ______ clock tower marking the entrance.

        Our friendly staff members (6) ______ throughout the district are always happy to provide assistance with directions or recommendations for dining and shopping.

        Opening Hours: 9:00 AM - 6:00 PM daily

(Adapted from city tourism board materials)

Question 1. A. find                         B. make                 C. take                 D. get

Question 2. A. or                         B. nor                         C. yet                         D. so

Question 3. A. a plethora                 B. a great deal         C. a large amount         D. much

Question 4. A. at                         B. in                         C. on                         D. by

Question 5. A. distinctive Victorian red                         B. red distinctive Victorian

         C. Victorian red distinctive                         D. red Victorian distinctive

Question 6. A. stationed                 B. positioned                 C. placed                 D. located

Read the following announcement and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

SEA Games 33 Schedule Adjusted Following Royal Bereavement

Official Statement from Organizing Committee

The 33rd Southeast Asian Games, (7) ______ in Bangkok and surrounding provinces, will proceed as planned with modified arrangements following the passing of Thailand’s Queen Mother. Organizers have confirmed that competitions will continue while (8) ______ appropriate respect for the national mourning period. 

Revised Schedule

Opening and closing ceremonies have been (9) ______ adjusted to reflect a more solemn tone. Entertainment segments will be scaled back considerably, though athletic competitions across all sports will maintain their original (10) ______. Medal presentations will proceed with subdued celebrations, and participating nations have been requested to observe a substantial (11) ______ of protocol modifications during the mourning period.

Support for Athletes

Despite these changes, the organizing committee remains (12) ______ to delivering an exceptional games experience. All venues, accommodation facilities, and transportation services will operate without disruption.

For updated information, visit https://www.seagames2025.org/.

(Adapted from https://vietnamnet.vn)

Question 7.         A. take place                B. taking place        C. took place                D. to take place

Question 8.         A. observe                B. observing                C. observed                D. to observe

Question 9.         A. thoughtful                B. thoughtfully        C. thought                D. thinking

Question 10. A. timeline                B. frame                C. span                D. duration

Question 11. A. sum                B. volume                C. number                D. portion

Question 12. A. committed                B. commit                C. committing                D. commitment

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a cohesive and coherent exchange or text in each of the following questions from 13 to 17.

Question 13. a. These measures collectively illustrate the region’s proactive approach to mitigating the adverse impacts of environmental degradation.

B. Furthermore, innovative aquaculture techniques were introduced, enabling farmers to sustain production despite increasingly saline conditions.

C. Local authorities implemented elevated irrigation systems to combat rising sea levels and protect vulnerable agricultural zones.

D. Agricultural practices underwent substantial modifications, with salt-resistant crop varieties being distributed widely among farming communities.

e. Throughout the past decade, the Mekong Delta has experienced comprehensive environmental adaptation strategies addressing climate vulnerabilities.

A.  e-c-d-b-a                        B. e-d-c-a-b                        C. c-e-d-b-a                        D. e-c-b-d-a

Question 14. a. Payment is due on 15 November; late fees and interest accrue thereafter automatically.

B. Please settle the minimum payment via mobile banking, branch counter, or authorised agents.

C. Upon receipt, we will update your status and restore full card functionality promptly.

D. This is a friendly reminder that your credit account shows an outstanding balance due.

e. If you need assistance, contact collections@riverbank.vn or our hotline for guidance.

A.  d-b-a-c-e                        B. b-d-c-a-e                        C. d-c-b-a-e                        D. d-b-c-a-e

Question 15. a. Rachel: It’s getting quite chilly outside, and the sky looks really overcast.

B. Ben: You’re right. I should probably grab my jacket before heading out.

C. Ben: What’s the weather like today? Should I bring an umbrella?

A.  a-c-b                        B. c-b-a                        C. b-a-c                        D. c-a-b

Question 16. a. Anna: Do you often pay with cash these days?

B. Anna: I get that, but cashless payments are much faster and more hygienic.

C. Peter: Rarely. I prefer digital wallets now, though cash feels more secure sometimes.

D. Anna: Maybe we should keep both options for different situations.

e. Peter: Absolutely, they also show how technology builds convenience and trust in daily life.

A.  a-b-c-d-e                         B. b-a-d-c-e                         C. a-b-d-c-e                         D. a-c-b-e-d

Question 17. a. I had prepared extensively for my first class presentation, expecting to knock everyone’s socks off confidently.

B. During my freshman year, I volunteered to present a research topic in front of thirty curious classmates.

C. In reality, I froze completely on stage and forgot everything I had memorized despite practicing repeatedly.

D. Such moments of failure eventually shaped me into a more resilient and composed public speaker today.

e. Instead of avoiding presentations afterward, I sought feedback and practiced speaking in front of smaller groups first.

A.  a-b-c-e-d                        B. b-a-c-d-e                        C. b-a-c-e-d                        D. d-b-a-c-e

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22.

        Photography emerged in the early 19th century as inventors sought ways to permanently capture images from nature. (18) _______. These early experiments laid the groundwork for a technology that would transform art, journalism, and personal memory preservation.

        The daguerreotype process, announced in 1839, marked the first commercially successful photographic method. (19) _______. However, the technique required long exposure times and produced unique images that could not be reproduced, limiting its practical applications.

        The introduction of negative-positive processes revolutionized the medium by enabling multiple prints from a single exposure. (20) _______. This breakthrough made photography more accessible and economical for ordinary people seeking to document their lives.

        As technology advanced, cameras became smaller and more portable throughout the late 19th century. (21) _______. The simplicity of these devices democratized photography, transforming it from a specialized craft into a popular hobby.

        Digital photography has fundamentally altered how images are created, stored, and shared globally. (22) _______. Despite these technological leaps, the core purpose of photography remains unchanged: capturing and preserving moments in time.

(Adapted from National Gallery of Art, “The History of Photography”)

Question 18. A. French inventor Joseph Nicéphore Niépce created the inaugural permanent photograph using a camera obscura in 1826

B.  In 1826, the inaugural permanent photograph emerged through Joseph Nicéphore Niépce’s camera obscura utilization

C.  A camera obscura facilitated the first permanent photograph’s creation, which French inventor Joseph Nicéphore Niépce accomplished in 1826

D.  The first permanent photograph was created in 1826, enabling Joseph Nicéphore Niépce to employ camera obscura technology

Question 19. A. Louis Daguerre perfected this methodology, generating highly detailed images on silver-plated copper that captivated affluent patrons

B.  Detailed imagery emerged from this method, prompting Louis Daguerre to cultivate affluent patronage through silver-plated copper

C.  This method yielded detailed images that Louis Daguerre produced on silver-plated copper, attracting wealthy patrons

D.  Silver-plated copper enabled this methodology’s development, producing detailed imagery that Louis Daguerre marketed to wealthy patrons

Question 20. A. Photographers could disseminate portraits and landscapes broadly, whereas daguerreotypes had confined them to singular copies

B.  Daguerreotypes restricted distribution to single copies, while photographers subsequently achieved wide portrait and landscape dissemination

C.  Singular copies constrained daguerreotypes, enabling photographers to achieve broad portrait and landscape distribution subsequently

D.  Portraits remained confined to photographers, as daguerreotypes could disseminate singular copies and landscapes broadly

Question 21. A. Kodak introduced the Brownie camera in 1900, which ordinary consumers could operate without specialized training

B.  In 1900, Kodak’s Brownie camera introduction enabled ordinary consumers to operate photographic equipment without specialized training

C.  The Brownie camera’s 1900 introduction by Kodak permitted ordinary consumers to engage in photography absent specialized training

D.  Ordinary consumers gained photographic access when Kodak introduced the Brownie camera, eliminating specialized training requirements in 1900

Question 22. A. Modern smartphones feature integrated cameras, enabling billions to capture photographs instantaneously

B.  Billions now possess smartphone-integrated cameras facilitating instantaneous photograph capture

C.  Modern smartphones incorporate camera integration, allowing billions to engage in instantaneous photograph capture

D.  Camera integration in modern smartphones permits billions to take instantaneous photographs

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

        The arrival of 5G recasts surveillance as a truly instantaneous enterprise: ultra-low latency curbs jitter, while higher throughput preserves definition in live feeds. When seconds matter, dispatchers act on crisper, current imagery rather than belated footage. Because endpoints can be authenticated and updated remotely, even legacy cameras are folded into wider patrols. As networks scale, data moves not only faster but also more predictably, so operators coordinate responses across sites, and routine incidents are processed automatically instead of queuing for human review.

        In dense estates, the promise of 5G is seamless interoperability: sensors, alarms, drones, and doors converse across one fabric rather than sputtering in silos. If disparate systems are braided into a single pane of control, situational awareness becomes broader and automation more deliberate. Integration also introduces exposure – massively connected estates invite volumetric attacks like DDoS – yet resilient design and throttling can attenuate those shocks. When maintenance is orchestrated centrally, upgrades ripple out quietly, so field teams spend less time firefighting and more time auditing risk.

        What accelerates most is inference. Edge models triage streams, while cloud pipelines compare scenes citywide. Instead of pinging guards with every twitch, AI demotes spurious triggers and promotes anomalies that cohere across feeds. These analytics arrive ubiquitous and near-real-time, so patrols shift from reactive rounds to preventative sweeps. Because bandwidth is ample, “heavy” classifiers no longer choke links, and dashboards surface patterns – suspicious clustering, tailgating, unbadged lingerers – before a breach metastasizes. In short, machines shoulder drudgery; humans arbitrate consequences.

        Mobility is the hinge. Drones map perimeters, wearables stream body-cam views and vitals, and they hand off feeds to control rooms without stutter. When a fire alarm trips, cameras pivot; medics, police, and facility teams co-view the same telemetry. Where coverage once fractured indoors or in crowds, 5G stitches paths so escorts, evacuations, and cordons are choreographed in one channel. The net effect is faster, more coordinated interventions – provided privacy is respected and cybersecurity stays vigilant.

(Adapted from The Impact of 5G on Surveillance and Security Technologies  –  RACAM)

Question 23. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as an immediate advantage of 5G?

A.  lower latency that sharpens live video                B. faster, more predictable data movement

C.  guaranteed privacy by default settings                D. remote onboarding of legacy cameras

Question 24. The word seamless in paragraph 2 can be best replaced by ______?

A.  frictionless                B. ceremonial                        C. precarious                        D. belated

Question 25. The word ubiquitous in paragraph 3 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.

A.  scarce                B. portable                        C. compliant                        D. elastic

Question 26. The word they in paragraph 4 refers to ______.

A.  drones and wearables                                B. medics and police

C.  control rooms                                        D. fire alarms

Question 27. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 2?

A.  Integrating diverse systems into unified oversight enhances awareness breadth while enabling more intentional automated responses.

B.  Consolidating disparate platforms under centralized control amplifies situational intelligence and refines automation precision.

C.  When heterogeneous systems converge into a single interface, awareness deepens and automation becomes more strategic.

D.  When varied systems feed one dashboard, awareness expands and automation proceeds with clearer intent and governance.

Question 28. Which of the following is TRUE according to paragraph 2?

A.  Broader connectivity raises DDoS exposure, yet careful network design can blunt volumetric disruptions effectively.

B.  Integration eliminates cyber risk entirely because single-pane consoles simplify every administrative procedure immediately.

C.  Field technicians prefer ad-hoc updates since centrally orchestrated maintenance usually complicates site operations badly.

D.  Dense estates should avoid automation because interoperability typically fragments oversight and overwhelms operators.

Question 29. Which paragraph mentions coordinated views among emergency services during incidents?
A. Paragraph 1        B. Paragraph 2                C. Paragraph 3                D. Paragraph 4

Question 30. Which paragraph mentions filtering false alarms so staff can focus on coherent anomalies?
A. Paragraph 1        B. Paragraph 2                C. Paragraph 3                D. Paragraph 4

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

        Neurotechnology’s advance is inexorable: devices that decode neural signals, heighten sensation, or even edit memory are migrating from conjecture to prototype. [I] As these capacities scale, the question ceases to be whether we can probe the mind, and becomes how we should delimit access to it. Neurorights propose ethical guardrails – rules for the custodianship of mental data, the preservation of agency, and protections against covert manipulation – so that intimate cognitive life is not annexed by markets, states, or capricious engineers. Over coming decades, hybrid human-machine systems may normalise brain-computer interfacing, rendering traditional privacy doctrines anachronistic without explicit, enforceable norms.

        Much of the urgency springs from experiments that demonstrate engineered control over perception. In 2019, Rafael Yuste’s team induced rats to ‘see’ absent stimuli via implanted electrodes, effectively choreographing neural activity. [II] If comparable interventions reach humans, the boundary between authentic experience and induced state could blur, with profound implications for consent. Such demonstrations complicate reassurances that implants merely record, rather than intervene in, brain states. Hence the call to codify neurorights before ubiquitous deployment: the law must not trail the laboratory by a decade.

        Existing medicine already hints at the stakes. Deep-brain stimulation alleviates Parkinsonian tremors and some epileptic seizures; Neuralink and similar ventures pursue bidirectional interfaces that can both write to and read from cortex. [III] With machine learning, such networks might classify affect, steer prosthetics, or decode intent from patterns. If such interfaces matured without safeguards, the intimate traffic of our minds could be surveilled, traded, or coerced at scale. Commercial neuromarketing – or partisan micro-targeting – would then exploit vulnerabilities far upstream of conscious deliberation.

        Neurorights sketch a legal-ethical framework: identity must remain intact; free will must be preserved; mental privacy must be inviolable; equal access must curb enhancement inequality; and protection against bias must prevent discrimination by thought-derived data. [IV] The NeuroRights Initiative advances these principles, promotes a corporate Hippocratic pledge, and pushes for global standards; Chile’s constitution now safeguards ‘mental integrity,’ while the OECD and Council of Europe articulate responsible innovation plans. If leading firms accepted such an oath, technological momentum could align with dignity rather than erode it.

(Adapted from Iberdrola  –  “Neurorights: What are neurorights and why are they vital in the face of advances in neuroscience?”)

Question 31. According to paragraph 1, neurorights chiefly aim to delimit access to the mind so that ______.

A.  market or state actors cannot quietly commodify unprotected cognitive data

B.  engineers may publish brain datasets while individuals retain retrospective consent

C.  courts fully liberalise biohacking, expanding experimental freedom without liability risks

D.  surveillance firms get equitable licenses to access anonymised neural signatures

Question 32. The word induced in paragraph 2 mostly means ______.

A.  mildly discouraged                                B. naturally occurring

C.  artificially caused                                        D. loosely inferred

Question 33. Which of the following best summarises paragraph 2?

A.  A landmark rat experiment shows perception can be engineered, intensifying calls to codify neurorights before human applications erase reliable consent boundaries.

B.  Despite hype, laboratory work remains remote from society, so legislation should wait until devices demonstrably outperform conventional therapies in clinical populations.

C.  Neuroscience has progressed mainly through noninvasive methods that enhance learning, suggesting ethical concerns are exaggerated and existing privacy doctrines remain adequate.

D.  Public fear of implants drives funding cuts, prompting researchers to pivot toward safer, purely external headsets with limited perceptual influence.

Question 34. What does the passage present as the principal function of “neurorights”?

A.  To establish enforceable norms preserving agency and privacy against intrusive neurotechnologies worldwide.

B.  To accelerate clinical trials so implants reach markets faster than competing therapies.

C.  To monetise brain data responsibly, enabling fair profit-sharing for cognitive information users.

D.  To centralise oversight within a single global regulator for all neurotech companies everywhere.

Question 35. What does “equal access” aim to prevent?

A.  Enhancement reserved for wealthy elites        B. Public funding for implant trials

C.  Open source brain computer interfaces                D. Therapeutic use in severe epilepsy

Question 36. The phrase such an oath in paragraph 4 refers to ______.

A.  hippocratic pledge                                B. legal statute

C.  company charter                                        D. consumer code

Question 37. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 2?

Hence the call to codify neurorights before ubiquitous deployment: the law must not trail the laboratory by a decade.

A.  Thus legal innovation should anticipate laboratory developments by ten years, implementing prophylactic prohibitions before empirical evidence of societal harms materializes.

B.  Accordingly, scientific communities should establish ethical protocols, as researchers possess specialized expertise enabling more agile normative calibration than statutory processes.

C.  Therefore cognitive autonomy frameworks require immediate institutionalization to ensure normative architectures evolve contemporaneously, preventing decade-long regulatory vacuums during deployment.

D.  Consequently neurorights articulation may be deferred until deployment substantiates concrete risks, since premature codification risks freezing standards before evidence clarifies.

Question 38. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

A.  The passage implies that legal and corporate frameworks must develop in parallel with neurotech to preempt harms rather than respond to them after widespread adoption.

B.  Because implants have clinical uses, expanding enhancements should proceed without restrictions so therapeutic benefits diffuse across populations and stimulate markets for consumer neural products.

C.  Neurorights are primarily intended to facilitate data-sharing agreements, letting governments monetize anonymized cognitive signals for experiments and provision.

D.  The examples of Chile, the OECD, and the Council of Europe suggest momentum toward international norms, though enforcement and corporate commitments remain aspirational.

Question 39. Which of the following sentence best fits the passage?

Without complementary legal norms, technical prowess risks redefining personhood by allowing third parties to intrude upon, and monetise, interior mental states.

A.  [I]                        B. [II]                                C. [III]                        D. [IV]

Question 40. Which of the following best summarises the passage?

A.  Neurotech progress heightens risks; neurorights emerge to safeguard identity, autonomy, privacy, equity, and fairness through law, standards, and corporate pledges.

B.  Medical breakthroughs alone justify widespread implants, so public debate should wait until clinicians validate long-term safety beyond research contexts fully.

C.  Neural interfaces are harmless marketing tools that will replace phones and improve entertainment, rendering privacy law obsolete and ethical worries largely unnecessary.

D.  International initiatives, not basic research, are the main barrier to innovation, constraining therapy and curtailing user choice without delivering measurable safety benefits.