Read the following announcement and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6.

VCFE 2025 Conference – Mobilizing Financial Resources for Green Growth

Ton Duc Thang University is pleased to announce the Vietnam Conference on Finance and Economics (VCFE) 2025, taking place on June 26th, 2025. This flagship academic event will convene economists, financial analysts, policymakers, and sustainability experts to address the critical challenge of channeling capital toward environmentally responsible development.

The conference will examine innovative financing mechanisms, green bonds, impact investing strategies, and regulatory frameworks (1) ______ facilitate the transition to a low-carbon economy. Participants will explore how financial institutions can (2) ______ traditional profit models with environmental stewardship and social responsibility. 

Distinguished keynote speakers will present research findings on sustainable finance trends, while breakout sessions will offer a comprehensive (3) ______ of case studies from successful green projects across Asia. The event will also feature a poster exhibition (4) ______ emerging scholars to showcase their research on topics related to climate finance and sustainable investment.

For academics, finance professionals, and students (5) ______ in shaping the future of responsible capitalism, this conference offers invaluable networking opportunities and intellectual exchange. Early bird registration is now open, and participants are (6) ______ to submit abstracts for consideration. Register at https://conference.tdtu.edu.vn/.

(Adapted from https://tdtu.edu.vn/)

Question 1. A. who                        B. that                        C. whom                D. of which

Question 2. A. reconcile                B. settle                C. resolve                D. negotiate

Question 3. A. breadth                B. width                C. extent                D. reach

Question 4. A. allow                        B. allows                C. allowing                D. allowed

Question 5. A. invest                B. invested                C. investing                D. investment

Question 6. A. urged                B. urge                C. urging                D. urges

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a cohesive and coherent text.

Question 7.   a. Schools partnered with platforms, teaching literacy, privacy settings, and reporting pathways to reduce harms offline.

B. Thus, balanced use – time limits, content curation, offline anchors – supports wellbeing without dismissing connectivity’s benefits for adolescents.

C. Conversely, moderated groups offered belonging, crisis helplines, and verified health information promptly during uncertain periods.

D. Time online rose during lockdowns, heightening comparison pressures and sleep disruption across households nationwide notably.

e. Among Vietnamese teens, social media shapes identity formation, peer support, and exposure to public scrutiny.

A.  e-d-a-c-b                        B. d-e-c-a-b                        C. e-d-c-a-b                        D. e-c-d-a-b

Question 8.   Dear Mr Patel,

A. The survey comprises 10 questions and will take approximately 5 minutes to complete online.

B. Upon completion, you will receive a $10 voucher redeemable on your next purchase as appreciation.

C. We would be grateful if you could participate in our customer satisfaction survey regarding your recent experience.

D. Your feedback is invaluable for enhancing our services and ensuring we meet your expectations.

e. Please access the survey via this link: www.feedbackportal.com/survey2025 before October 31st.

With appreciation,

Customer Insights Team

A.  d-c-a-e-b                        B. c-d-a-e-b                        C. c-a-d-b-e                        D. b-c-d-a-e

Question 9.  a. Michelle: How about we meet at that new Italian restaurant downtown tomorrow evening around seven?

B. Andrew: Sounds perfect to me! I’ll make a reservation for us right away.

C. Andrew: Great! See you tomorrow then. I’m really looking forward to it!

A.  a-c-b                        B. c-a-b                        C. a-b-c                        D. b-a-c

Question 10. a. Penelope: I understand, but AI saves time and expands possibilities.

B. Penelope: Do you often use AI tools?

C. Penelope: Each has its role in supporting human progress.

D. Dylan: Yes, they’re efficient, but I still value doing things manually.

e. Dylan: True, though manual work nurtures creativity and patience.

A.  a-b-c-d-e                         B. a-b-d-c-e                         C. a-c-b-d-e                        D. b-d-a-e-c

Question 11. a. Living alone for the first time, I decided to learn cooking instead of relying on expensive takeout food.

B. I jumped into trying complex recipes immediately, believing I could wing it without following instructions precisely.

C. Yet my early attempts resulted in burnt dishes and wasted ingredients that filled my apartment with smoke regularly.

D. These kitchen disasters were surprisingly educational and taught me that mastering any skill requires patience and practice.

e. Consequently, I started with simple recipes and gradually learned the ropes by watching online tutorials and asking relatives.

A.  a-b-c-d-e                        B. d-a-b-c-e                        C. a-b-c-e-d                        D. b-a-c-e-d

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 12 to 21.

        After the pandemic’s convulsions, many countries reconsidered how to underwrite decent lives in a world where paid work may be ineluctably scarce or intermittently available. Post-work guarantees combine Participation Income – recognising socially useful activity – with Universal Basic Services (UBS), which set collective floors under living standards. If governments must prevent slippage beneath a dignified minimum, they can mix unconditional income with guaranteed services to reduce precarity while respecting autonomy. [I] In this framing, the point is not to abolish markets or labour, but to ensure that no citizen falls below what a prosperous society deems tolerable.

        UBI – an unconditional, individual, tax-free payment sufficient for a frugal but decent life – alters incentives bedevilling conditional welfare. People keep the payment while earning, so low-paid offers need not trigger unemployment traps. Participation Income, a cousin sometimes proposed for post-work settlements, remunerates care, community work, and learning without forcing people into unsuitable jobs. [II] Because transfers are not withdrawn upon accepting work, households can plan, invest in skills, and avoid benefit cliffs that previously punished risk-taking.

        UBS insists on unconditional, collectively funded access to essentials – healthcare, education, housing, transport – delivered at a reliable minimum standard. In Ireland and elsewhere, patchy provision and market-first ideologies have produced avoidable scarcities and fees, making participation costly for the least advantaged. The better and cheaper the services, the smaller the basic income required. [III] Robust, well-funded systems thus anchor living standards, reduce volatility, and make income supports fiscally lighter while protecting social rights shared by all residents.

        Affordability hinges on parameters: which benefits UBI replaces, tax design, and how far UBS lowers private outlays. Evidence suggests revenue-neutral partial basic incomes are feasible under unified rates, while service upgrades compress necessary cash transfers. [IV] Beyond budgets, post-work guarantees also serve environmental and civic aims: if livelihoods are secured, societies need not chase perpetual GDP expansion or coerced employment, and people can allocate time among paid work, care, volunteering, study, and rest without jeopardising dignity.

(Adapted from Social Justice Ireland, “Basic Income and UBS key to improving living standards after COVID-19”)

Question 12. The word ineluctably in paragraph 1 mostly means ______.

A.  loosely optional                                        B. easily circumvented

C.  inescapably fated                                        D. marginally uncertain

Question 13. What is the primary policy aim of coupling UBS with post-work guarantees?

A.  To privatise essential services while expanding temporary wage subsidies for employers

B.  To set service floors so basic income can shrink without eroding dignity

C.  To replace progressive taxation with user fees that target frequent service users

D.  To mandate full employment by penalising households that reject low-paid offers

Question 14. According to paragraph 2, under UBI, individuals will accept jobs because they ______.
A. keep their tax-free payment while earning additional income from employment

B.  lose their benefit swiftly when hours rise beyond a narrow weekly ceiling

C.  face sanctions unless they join compulsory programmes administered by agencies

D.  must repay transfer overages once earnings exceed a quarterly income threshold

Question 15. Which of the following best summarises paragraph 3?

A.  UBS mandates universal access to core services; stronger provision lowers cash needs while safeguarding equal participation across society despite income differences.

B.  UBS replaces income transfers entirely, because free services guarantee prosperity even when wages collapse in cyclical downturns and technological transitions.

C.  UBS funds luxury amenities for urban residents so they can reduce commuting time and purchase private insurance at negotiated, below-market premium rates.

D.  UBS mainly targets middle-income households by subsidising higher education tuition to spur technology startups and reduce aggregate student-loan defaults.

Question 16. What does “frugal but decent” most nearly imply?

A.  lavish consumption patterns                        B. basic needs met, modestly

C.  strictly temporary aid                                D. earnings-tested support

Question 17. Where in the passage does the following sentence best fit?

This, in turn, reduces the income the state must transfer directly.

A.  [I]                        B. [II]                                C. [III]                        D. [IV]

Question 18. The phrase unemployment traps in paragraph 2 refers to ______.

A.  benefit cliffs                                        B. job fairs

C.  training loans                                        D. vacancy boards

Question 19. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

A.  A revenue-neutral partial basic income requires eliminating pensions and child benefits while imposing steep user fees on healthcare and public transportation.

B.  If UBS expands, participation income becomes obsolete because service quality automatically creates full employment across all regions and demographic groups.

C.  Post-work guarantees primarily exist to discourage volunteering by substituting cash payments for civic engagement in communities with limited labour market options.

D.  If essential services become more universal and affordable, governments can maintain dignity while setting basic income at lower levels without increasing hardship.

Question 20. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 3?

The better and cheaper the services, the smaller the basic income required.

A.  When governments cut service budgets substantially, they should offset harm by raising cash transfers to ensure wealth creation continues unabated.

B.  Enhancing the reach and affordability of public services allows policy-makers to trim basic income levels without diminishing baseline living standards.

C.  Only after privatizing hospitals and schools can authorities justify converting universal payments into vouchers whose value appreciates with housing costs.

D.  Expanding basic income guarantees automatically finances premium services because households redirect disposable income into tax revenues through retail spending.

Question 21. Which of the following best summarises the passage?

A.  Implementing UBS alone is sufficient to eradicate poverty rapidly, regardless of labour-market conditions or the quality of governance and tax administration.

B.  Pairing UBS with UBI or participation income can secure dignity, curb traps, and remain affordable by setting service floors that compress required cash transfers.

C.  The pandemic proved post-work schemes unnecessary; targeted means-testing and market provision already protect vulnerable households without raising public spending.

D.  Participation income eliminates the need for education reform because volunteering and unpaid care inherently generate productivity growth and rising household savings.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 22 to 26.

        When radio first reached mass audiences in the early 20th century, it changed how people learned news and enjoyed entertainment. Broadcasts brought live speeches, music, and drama into homes that previously relied on newspapers and traveling performers. (22) _______. Stations experimented with formats and schedules to attract listeners in cities and rural areas alike. During wartime, radio also became a tool for official announcements and morale boosting. (23) _______. After the war, portable sets and affordable components let families listen almost anywhere. Community programs preserved local dialects and stories that national networks tended to overlook. (24) _______. Educational series and public-affairs shows helped citizens follow debates and public policy. (25) _______. Today podcasts and streaming services echo radio’s habits of scheduled listening and conversational tone, and the medium’s legacy still shapes how we expect audio to inform and entertain. (26) _______.

(Adapted from https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/radio-activity-the-100th-anniversary-of-public-broadcasting-6555594)

Question 22. A. This technological innovation created communal listening experiences that fundamentally transformed evening routines in households nationwide

B.  Such broadcast capabilities established shared auditory rituals that substantially altered domestic leisure activities across society

C.  These transmission advances generated collective entertainment practices that significantly reshaped family time throughout the nation

D.  This communication medium produced synchronized listening habits that markedly changed household social interactions broadly

Question 23. A. Consequently, governmental authorities and civic organizations recognized radio’s potential for coordinating emergency responses and reaching dispersed populations

B.  However, broadcasting stations deliberately avoided controversial political topics, featuring predominantly local artists and amateur performers instead

C.  Nevertheless, technical limitations meant that only brief program segments could be transmitted clearly across substantial distances

D.  Meanwhile, audiences initially remained skeptical, generally preferring printed newspapers for comprehensive commentary and detailed analysis

Question 24. A. It was local broadcasters who took initiative in documenting regional customs and traditions, educating younger generations about their cultural heritage

B.  It was community producers who stepped forward to preserve indigenous storytelling practices that national networks frequently overlooked systematically

C.  It was regional stations that prioritized recording oral histories and folk traditions that major broadcasting companies tended to neglect

D.  It was neighborhood radio programs that focused on maintaining linguistic diversity and traditional narratives that commercial networks rarely featured

Question 25. A. Serialized radio programming was utilized by educators to deliver literacy instruction and civic education to audiences lacking formal schooling

B.  Regularly scheduled broadcasts were employed by teachers to provide educational content to listeners with limited access to traditional classrooms

C.  Radio transmissions were harnessed by educational institutions to offer academic instruction to populations underserved by conventional schools

D.  Radio programming was leveraged by instructors to disseminate knowledge to communities where educational infrastructure remained inadequate

Question 26. A. Consequently, contemporary audio storytelling maintains conventions like host-listener intimacy, scheduled releases, and sponsorship arrangements

B.  Therefore, modern podcast formats preserve radio traditions including personal delivery styles, episodic structures, and commercial support

C.  Thus, current digital audio media retains broadcasting patterns such as conversational tones, regular episodes, and advertiser backing

D.  Hence, present-day audio content continues radio practices like familiar presentation, serialized publication, and financial sponsorship

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 27 to 34.

        In UVA’s labyrinthine labs, researchers probe how the gut’s microbial makeup modulates cancer trajectories. By perturbing mice with antibiotics to induce dysbiosis, they observe shifts in immune signaling and metastatic behavior. The team treats the microbiome as a barometer of environment, diet, and stressors, arguing that clinical insight must account for these contextual textures. Although many variables complicate causality, the aim is pragmatic: translate basic findings into preventive strategies and gentler therapeutics that attenuate metastasis while respecting patient-specific physiology.

        Personalized medicine marries genetic, environmental, and lifestyle data to steer prevention and care. In oncology, targeted therapies and immunotherapy have sharpened efficacy and spared patients blunt, exhausting regimens. Over recent decades, clinicians have moved away from a monolithic template toward treatments calibrated to a patient’s molecular profile. Teams now stratify tumors by driver mutations to forecast prognosis and select interventions with greater precision, helping explain steep mortality declines in certain cancers such as melanoma, and advancing beyond the “one-size-fits-all” orthodoxy in clinical decision-making.

        Pharmacogenomics extends personalization beyond cancer by aligning drug choice and dose with inherited variation in metabolism, transport, and immune response. A simple swab can reveal markers indicating toxicity risks or likely nonresponse, guiding safer dosing or alternatives. Crucially, pharmacogenomic testing – it primarily concerns genes mediating drug handling rather than predicting untreatable diseases – now has guideline support for 26 gene–drug pairs. While broadly nascent outside academic centers, the approach reduces adverse events when small dosing errors would otherwise prove perilous.

        The research frontier is lively but uneven. The FDA has authorized a genetic test (Dec 2023) to flag elevated risk of opioid use disorder after surgery, and large initiatives – such as Mount Sinai’s plan to sequence one million diverse patients – promise richer datasets. Yet gaps persist: most genomic studies over-sample people of European ancestry, blunting generalizability, and health systems struggle with equitable delivery of high-end technologies at scale. Progress thus hinges on diversity, infrastructure, and pragmatic pathways to access.

(Adapted from AAMC, “Making medicine personal: Moving away from a one-size-fits-all approach to health care,” Feb 22, 2024)

Question 27. The word nascent in paragraph 3 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.

A.  budding                B. incipient                        C. mature                        D. embryonic

Question 28. Which of the following is TRUE according to paragraph 1?

A.  The researchers proved that diet alone eliminates metastasis in human patients.

B.  The microbiome is treated as irrelevant noise rather than a clinical clue.

C.  Antibiotics are used in mice to disturb gut bacteria and observe metastatic changes.

D.  The team avoids translating basic science into preventive strategies.

Question 29. The word it in paragraph 3 refers to ______.

A.  inherited variation                                        B. pharmacogenomic testing

C.  drug toxicity                                        D. a dosing error

Question 30. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 2?
A. In recent years, medical practice has transitioned from standardized protocols toward more individualized therapeutic approaches.

B.  Medicine has pivoted from uniform regimens to precisely adjusted therapies based on each patient’s biology.

C.  Physicians increasingly abandon one-size-fits-all strategies in favor of treatments tailored to genetic and biological factors.

D.  Recent decades have witnessed a shift from generalized treatment models to precision therapies guided by patient-specific data.

Question 31. The word orthodoxy in paragraph 2 can be best replaced by ______?

A.  innovation                B. doctrine                        C. deviation                        D. anomaly

Question 32. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 4 as a challenge to advancing personalized medicine?

A.  Privacy concerns about storing whole-genome data in electronic records across institutions

B.  Over-representation of European-ancestry cohorts limiting generalizability of findings

C.  Difficulty delivering sophisticated technologies equitably at a broad health-system scale

D.  The need for more diverse, large-scale sequencing initiatives to enrich datasets

Question 33. Which paragraph mentions guideline support for a specific number of gene–drug interactions?
A. Paragraph 1        B. Paragraph 3                C. Paragraph 2                D. Paragraph 4

Question 34. Which paragraph mentions the role of immunotherapy and targeted therapy in improved outcomes?

A.  Paragraph 2        B. Paragraph 1                C. Paragraph 3                D. Paragraph 4

Read the following appreciation letter and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 35 to 40.

Dear Volunteer Team,

A Message of Gratitude

On behalf of the entire organization, I want to (35) ______ our deepest appreciation for your extraordinary efforts during this year’s charity fundraiser. Your commitment has truly made a difference in countless lives.

Your Impact by the Numbers:

→ You collectively contributed over 2,000 hours of service.

→ Your dedication helped us raise (36) ______ funds, exceeding our goal by 40%.

→ Thanks to your hard work, we can now support 150 families (37) ______ our community programs.

What impressed me most was not just the quantity of work accomplished (38) ______ the quality and enthusiasm you brought to every task. Whether it was organizing donation drives, coordinating events, or simply offering a kind word to those in need, each action reflected your (39) ______ compassion. Your selfless service exemplifies the spirit of giving and reminds us that positive change is possible when people come together. The beneficiaries of our programs often speak of the (40) ______ volunteers who treated them with dignity and respect – they are speaking about you. As we move forward, I hope you will continue to be part of our mission. Together, we can achieve even more remarkable outcomes. 

With profound gratitude,

Michael Rodriguez

Executive Director

(Adapted from https://www.volunteermatch.org/blog/how-to-thank-volunteers)

Question 35. A. convey                 B. transmit                 C. transfer                 D. transport

Question 36. A. a substantial amount of                         B. a good deal                         

C.  a large number of                         D. plenty of

Question 37. A. by                         B. through                 C. with                 D. from

Question 38. A. and                 B. but                         C. so                         D. for

Question 39. A. genuine heartfelt deep                         B. deep genuine heartfelt                 

                 C. heartfelt genuine deep                         D. genuine deep heartfelt

Question 40. A. gracious                 B. courteous                 C. polite                 D. civil