Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a cohesive and coherent exchange or text in each of the following questions.

Question 1. a. After digital signatures, disbursement will be transferred to your account within one business day.

B. For assistance, contact your loan officer or reply to this message directly.

C. We are pleased to confirm your personal loan application has been formally approved today.

D. Note that the offer expires in seven days and rates may adjust if lapsed.

e. Please review the attached agreement and upload required documents through the secure borrower portal.

A.  c-a-e-d-b                        B. e-c-a-d-b                        C. c-e-a-d-b                        D. c-e-d-a-b

Question 2. a. Lisa: Don’t worry about it. I can work through this section on my own.

B. David: Then let me know if you change your mind. I’m free all evening.

C. David: Hey Lisa, I noticed you’re struggling with the physics assignment. Would you like some help?

A.  c-b-a                        B. b-c-a                        C. c-a-b                        D. a-c-b

Question 3. a. Construction efforts subsequently led to the establishment of underground tunnels beneath major thoroughfares, fundamentally altering the city’s transportation infrastructure.

B. The initiative reflects Ho Chi Minh City’s commitment to sustainable urban mobility and reducing persistent traffic congestion.

C. Since its inception in the early 2010s, Ho Chi Minh City’s metro system has evolved into a transformative infrastructure endeavor.

D. Additionally, elevated railway sections were constructed along key corridors, connecting densely populated districts with commercial hubs.

e. These structural improvements were accompanied by the modernisation of station facilities, incorporating advanced ticketing systems and passenger amenities.

A.  c-b-a-d-e                        B. c-a-d-e-b                        C. b-c-a-e-d                        D. c-d-a-b-e

Question 4. a. Sophie: That’s true, but online learning allows access to more global resources.

B. Sophie: Would you rather study at school or take online courses?

C. Sophie: I think combining both methods could lead to the best learning outcome.

D. Daniel: And it encourages self-discipline and digital collaboration, which are valuable skills.

e. Daniel: I like online classes for flexibility, but studying at school keeps me focused.

A.  b-e-a-d-c                        B. a-c-b-e-d                         C. c-b-a-d-e                        D. a-b-d-c-e

Question 5. a. At the beginning of the academic year, I struggled to juggle multiple assignments and extracurricular activities simultaneously.

B. I tried to spread myself too thin, believing I could handle everything without proper planning or prioritization.

C. This lesson stuck with me and transformed how I approach my responsibilities in every aspect of life.

D. However, I ended up missing deadlines and disappointing both my teachers and myself with incomplete work.

e. Afterward, I learned to prioritize tasks and say no to commitments that would overwhelm my schedule.

A.  a-d-b-e-c                        B. b-a-d-c-e                        C. a-b-d-e-c                        D. c-a-b-d-e

Read the following letter and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 6 to 11.

Oceanview Resort & Spa

        Dear Mr. Johnson,

        Thank you for choosing Oceanview Resort for your upcoming vacation. We are delighted to confirm your reservation and have (6) ______ every arrangement to ensure your stay exceeds expectations.

        1. Booking Details

        Check-in: March 15, 2025 | Check-out: March 20, 2025

        Room Type: Deluxe Ocean Suite

        2. Complimentary Services 

        You will receive (7) ______ of welcome amenities including champagne, fresh fruit, and chocolates upon arrival. Our facilities include a spa, fitness center, (8) ______ three beachfront restaurants.

        3. Room Features 

        Your (9) ______ balcony suite offers breathtaking views and modern conveniences. Early check-in is available (10) ______ request, subject to room availability.

        We pride ourselves (11) ______ delivering personalized service and creating memorable experiences for our guests. Should you require any special arrangements, please contact our concierge team.

        Warm regards,

        Sarah Mitchell

        Reservations Manager

(Adapted from hospitality industry correspondence)

Question 6.         A. finalized                 B. concluded                 C. terminated         D. completed

Question 7.         A. an assortment        B. a quantity                 C. a multitude         D. a volume

Question 8.         A. yet                         B. and                 C. so                         D. for

Question 9.         A. spacious private oceanfront                 B. private spacious oceanfront                                  C. oceanfront spacious private                 D. private oceanfront spacious

Question 10. A. upon                 B. at                         C. by                         D. in

Question 11. A. in                         B. on                         C. at                         D. with

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 12 to 17.

        Papermaking originated in ancient China during the Han Dynasty, revolutionizing how information was recorded and shared. (12) _______. This knowledge remained closely guarded for centuries, giving Chinese scholars and administrators a significant advantage in documentation and communication.

        The technique gradually spread westward along the Silk Road through trade and cultural exchange. (13) _______. These craftsmen established workshops in major cities, adapting the process to local materials and needs while maintaining the core principles of the craft.

        By the 12th century, paper mills had appeared across Europe, transforming intellectual life on the continent. (14) _______. The availability of this affordable writing material enabled the Renaissance and the subsequent explosion of printed literature.

        The impact of papermaking on global civilization cannot be overstated. (15) _______. From scientific journals to personal letters, paper became the primary medium for human expression and record-keeping for nearly a millennium.

        Modern technology has introduced digital alternatives, yet paper remains essential in many contexts. (16) _______. This enduring relevance demonstrates how a simple invention can fundamentally shape human society across centuries and cultures.

(Adapted from history.com, “Silk Road Trade Goods”)

Question 12. A. Chinese officials zealously guarded the proprietary methodologies employed in creating this valuable commodity from foreign acquisition

B.  Proprietary methodologies remained concealed by Chinese officials, who prevented foreigners from accessing techniques for valuable material creation

C.  Foreigners were systematically prevented from acquiring valuable materials, as Chinese officials safeguarded proprietary methodologies from external learning

D.  Valuable materials emerged from proprietary techniques, access to which Chinese officials denied foreign entities

Question 13. A. During the 751 Battle of Talas, Arab merchants encountered Chinese prisoners possessing papermaking expertise

B.  Papermaking expertise transferred when Chinese prisoners, encountered by Arab merchants during the 751 Battle of Talas, possessed this knowledge

C.  Arab merchants encountered Chinese prisoners conversant with papermaking methodologies during the Battle of Talas in 751

D.  Papermaking techniques became known as Chinese prisoners encountered Arab merchants throughout the Battle of Talas in 751

Question 14. A. Books achieved greater accessibility among scholars and students, whereas expensive parchment had previously constrained their distribution

B.  Previously, expensive parchment had restricted distribution; books subsequently became more accessible to scholarly and student populations

C.  Scholars and students gained enhanced book access, as expensive parchment’s previous distribution constraints were alleviated

D.  Book distribution to scholars and students increased accessibility, while expensive parchment had previously imposed limitations

Question 15. A. Despite digital communication platforms’ proliferation, educational institutions and commercial enterprises continue paper reliance

B.  It facilitated education, governance, and commerce by furnishing an economical medium for information storage and transmission

C.  Educational facilitation occurred through governance, which furnished commercial entities with economical information storage methodologies

D.  An economical storage medium enabled education while facilitating governance provision to commercial enterprises

Question 16. A. Paper utilization continues expanding despite commercial pressure, while educational institutions maintain digital communication platform reliance

B.  Despite institutional preferences, commercial enterprises perpetuate paper reliance alongside digital communication platform adoption

C.  Educational institutions and commercial enterprises maintain paper dependency notwithstanding digital communication platforms’ proliferation

D.  Digital communication platforms drive commercial reliance, prompting educational institutions to continue paper utilization expansion despite them

Read the following announcement and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 17 to 22.

General Secretary Receives International Delegates for

Hanoi Convention Signing Ceremony

HANOI – General Secretary Tô Lâm welcomed delegation heads from fifteen nations (17) ______ participated in the official signing ceremony of the Hanoi Convention on Cooperation and Development, (18) ______ at the Presidential Palace yesterday morning.

The convention establishes frameworks for regional (19) ______ across economic development, environmental protection, and cultural exchange. Delegation leaders expressed strong (20) ______ for Vietnam’s initiative in organizing this historic diplomatic event. General Secretary Lâm emphasized the convention’s significance in strengthening multilateral ties and promoting sustainable development throughout Southeast Asia.

The ceremony concluded with representatives (21) ______ the convention documents, followed by a state banquet. Over the coming months, participating nations will (22) ______ comprehensive action plans to implement the convention’s provisions effectively.

For further details, visit https://cpv.org.vn/tin-tuc-su-kien.

(Adapted from https://nhandan.vn)

Question 17. A. at which                B. when                C. where                D. who

Question 18. A. held                B. to hold                C. hold                D. being held

Question 19. A. cooperate                B. cooperative        C. cooperation        D. cooperatively

Question 20. A. enforcement        B. endorsement        C. endowment        D. entrenchment

Question 21. A. signing                B. signed                C. to sign                D. having signed

Question 22. A. draw up                B. put off                C. call for                D. take over

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

        Data localization, sometimes conflated with data residency, mandates that personal records tied to a country be first collected, processed, and stored within its borders before any outbound transfer occurs. Such transfers, if permitted, typically follow compliance steps – notice, explicit consent, and disclosure of use. The principle is grounded in data sovereignty: data is governed by the laws of the jurisdiction where it is gathered. While sovereignty speaks to legal authority over data, localization operationalizes that authority by front-loading domestic handling prior to any cross-border movement.

        Governments and enterprises advance localization for several intertwined reasons. It is framed as a bulwark for security, keeping sensitive assets on home soil. It anchors privacy under specific regimes (for instance, GDPR), reassures national sovereignty over citizens’ information, and can catalyze domestic jobs by compelling in-country infrastructure. Proponents also cite performance: services may respond faster when data sits nearer to users, reducing latency. Critics, however, warn that these justifications vary in weight depending on sector, threat surface, and institutional capacity.

        Localization unfolds through on-premises facilities, sovereign-region clouds, and carefully choreographed transfers and processing. Firms may replicate datasets, yet regulators can stipulate sequencing constraints on erasure. Under certain regimes, foreign copies relating to local residents must be deleted only after deletion has occurred on systems inside the data subject’s country. In practice, they may sit in local and foreign environments concurrently until compliance steps are satisfied. These regimes translate policy into architecture, procurement, and audit trails that prove the chain of custody.

        The calculus is double-edged. Security, privacy alignment, local job creation, and reduced latency represent tangible dividends; yet costs balloon with duplicate data centers, legal complexity, and operational overhead. Access can narrow across borders, interoperability may fray, and trade can be hampered when vendors cannot freely move information. Policymakers thus juggle economic development with openness, attempting to codify controls without stifling transnational services. Outcomes hinge on implementation nuance: exemptions, adequacy findings, and verifiable controls can temper the sharpest frictions.

(Adapted from Imperva, “Data Localization”)

Question 23. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 2 as a reason for data localization?

A.  Enhancing security for sensitive information

B.  Asserting national sovereignty over citizens’ data

C.  Generating domestic jobs via in-country infrastructure

D.  Reducing environmental footprints through greener data centers

Question 24. The word mandates in paragraph 1 can be best replaced by ______?

A.  requires                B. tolerates                        C. broadcasts                        D. reimburses

Question 25. The word hampered in paragraph 4 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.

A.  facilitated                B. hindered                        C. obstructed                        D. undermined

Question 26. The word they in paragraph 3 refers to ______.

A.  domestic systems inside the country

B.  foreign regulators imposing deletion orders

C.  replicated personal records stored in both locations

D.  cloud providers operating sovereign regions

Question 27. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 3?

A.  Certain regulations mandate that domestic deletion precedes foreign erasure to ensure compliance with sovereignty principles.

B.  Some laws require erasing foreign copies only after local systems have removed the same residents’ data.

C.  Some jurisdictions stipulate concurrent deletion across all locations to prevent regulatory arbitrage and data leakage.

D.  Regulations in certain countries require synchronized erasure procedures, with domestic systems initiating the deletion sequence.

Question 28. Which of the following is TRUE according to paragraph 1?

A.  Data sovereignty and data localization are identical concepts and operate without legal distinctions.
B. Data may be transferred abroad first, then retroactively brought into compliance if users later consent.
C. Cross-border transfers usually follow local compliance steps, including notice and obtaining user consent.
D. Residency rules never require domestic processing before any storage occurs in a foreign jurisdiction.

Question 29. Which paragraph mentions the sequencing of deleting foreign versus local copies?

A.  Paragraph 1        B. Paragraph 2                C. Paragraph 3                D. Paragraph 4

Question 30. Which paragraph mentions improved service performance due to proximity to users?

A.  Paragraph 1        B. Paragraph 3                C. Paragraph 4                D. Paragraph 2

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

        The nineteenth-century “Mill Girls” remind us that solidarity can transmute private hardship into public leverage. They refused the oppressing hand of avarice, stitched wages to dignity, and helped seed modern unions. Today, something analogous is happening: individuals no longer merely vend hours; they continuously emit monetizable traces. [I] If those traces are corralled collectively – rather than siphoned asymmetrically by platforms – then communities can bargain for remuneration the way workers once bargained for safer looms, shorter shifts, and transparent accounts.

        Across jurisdictions, lawmakers are cautiously legitimising intermediaries that pool personal data on behalf of members. The EU’s forthcoming Data Governance Act explicitly entertains “data cooperatives” as brokers between subjects and users; GDPR already distinguishes controllers and processors. Because personal data is non-rival, multiple firms can exploit the same records simultaneously without depletion. [II] This abundance intensifies power imbalances unless communities acquire vehicles – unions, cooperatives, collectives – to negotiate access terms, constrain misuse, and redirect flows of value back to participants.

        Data pricing remains skewed because incumbents both define the product and set its price; arbitrageurs are scarce. Swash, for instance, surfaces how browsers monetise clickstreams and invites counter-offers; litigation campaigns like the Data Dividend Project contest mispricing and misuse in court. Even when people are not organizing for wages, they can still organise their data to create community income, shifting value from platforms to participants. [III] When legal victories and transparent markets converge, third parties can finally “arb” fairer prices for communities’ digital exhaust.

        There are three mutually reinforcing paths: Policy that recognises data-subject cooperatives; Lawsuits that indemnify communities for misuse; and Tech that automates consent, measurement, and distribution. [IV] If these paths mature together, they could reframe economics, ethics, and human rights around #DataIsLabor, normalising the idea that participation entitles people to a dividend. Dozens of emergent unions already incubate this future, from browser-level plugins to nonprofit trusts, each experimenting with governance that returns agency – and proceeds – to those who generate the raw material.

(Adapted from CoinDesk, “Data Is Labor: Why We Need Data Unions”)

Question 31. According to paragraph 2, because data is non-rival, ______.

A.  several firms can exploit identical datasets without reducing anyone else’s usable supply

B.  exclusive ownership rights always prevent duplication across interoperable digital markets

C.  regulators must license a single controller to maintain scarcity and orderly competition

D.  platforms necessarily destroy originals whenever purchasers request processed derivatives

Question 32. The word remuneration in paragraph 1 mostly means ______.

A.  ceremonial tribute                                        B. financial compensation

C.  social recognition                                        D. contractual obligation

Question 33. Which of the following best summarises paragraph 1?

A.  Historical labor unions illustrate how collective leverage can reclaim value from extractive intermediaries.

B.  Wage exploitation vanished once factories improved conditions and mechanized most dangerous tasks.

C.  Data traces have replaced labor entirely, making industrial precedents irrelevant to digital markets.

D.  Individual bargaining power is adequate when platforms publish clear privacy policies and dashboards.

Question 34. What problem does the author describe as a “market failure” in paragraph 3?

A.  Platforms unilaterally define data, set prices, and exclude arbitrage that could balance valuations.

B.  Users overshare information, causing unavoidable leakage regardless of governance or incentives.

C.  Governments overregulate consent, dismantling innovative services and undermining entrepreneurship.

D.  Cooperatives demand excessive fees, eroding member payouts and distorting normal market signals.

Question 35. What is Swash, as mentioned in paragraph 3?

A.  A browser data-union app                        B. A European court ruling

C.  A centralized ad exchange                        D. A nonprofit trust

Question 36. The phrase oppressing hand of avarice in paragraph 1 refers to ______.

A.  corporate greed                                        B. state censors

C.  labor idleness                                        D. data scarcity

Question 37. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 3?

Even when people are not organizing for wages, they can still organise their data to create community income, shifting value from platforms to participants.

A.  Should individuals refrain from wage bargaining entirely, platforms will proactively establish profit-sharing whenever processing behavioral telemetry, recognizing voluntary distribution enhances retention.

B.  Absent traditional labor mobilization, communities may construct alternative revenue streams through coordinated information stewardship, effectively rechanneling surplus platforms previously appropriated.

C.  Unless users maintain network participation, collective monetization pathways remain foreclosed because platforms retain ownership over interaction logs, rendering cooperatives legally unviable.

D.  On condition regulators prohibit microtargeting, individuals can independently commercialize informational exhaust without cooperatives, as restrictions eliminate platforms’ asymmetric value derivation.

Question 38. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

A.  Recognition in EU law will likely legitimate data-union practices elsewhere by signalling feasibility, thereby accelerating experiments that blend policy, litigation, and tooling.

B.  Data unions will obviate privacy law because collective bargaining inherently secures informed consent and renders statutory safeguards redundant across sectors.

C.  Browser plugins alone can resolve mispricing, since transparent dashboards remove any need for courts, regulators, or collective governance structures.

D.  Centralized platforms prefer third-party arbitrage because it simplifies accounting and usually increases the prices they must pay for user information.

Question 39. Where in the passage does the following sentence best fit?

Some unions already pilot plug-ins that meter contributions and route micropayments back to members.

A.  [I]                                B. [II]                        C. [III]                                D. [IV]

Question 40. Which of the following best summarises the passage?

A.  By treating data as labor, communities can unionise through policy, lawsuits, and technology to redirect value and secure a data dividend from powerful platforms.

B.  Because data is infinite, markets cannot value it, so governments should nationalise datasets and prohibit private use to prevent corporate profiteering.

C.  Traditional unions have no relevance to digital economies, which depend primarily on intellectual property, not collective bargaining or revenue-sharing mechanisms.

D.  Litigation is the sole credible path to compensation; cooperatives and technical distribution tools add complexity without delivering measurable community benefits.