Read the following letter and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6.

From: Sarah Mitchell

To: Volunteers Coordination Team

Subject: Request for Assistance - Community Garden Project

Dear Volunteer Coordinators,

I hope this message finds you well. I am writing to request your assistance with our upcoming Community Garden Project, scheduled to launch next month in the Greenfield neighborhood.

I. Project overview

Our initiative aims to transform an abandoned plot of land into a thriving community garden where local residents can grow vegetables, herbs, and flowers. However, we are currently facing a significant (1) ______ of challenges that require immediate attention and support.

II. Specific assistance needed

First and foremost, we need volunteers to (2) ______ clearing the site of debris and preparing the soil for planting. This physical work is essential (3) ______ we can proceed with the garden layout and installation of raised beds.

Additionally, we require (4) ______ gardening tools such as spades, rakes, wheelbarrows, and watering cans. If your organization has any surplus equipment or knows of potential donors, we would be immensely grateful.

III. Expertise required

We are also seeking individuals with horticultural expertise who can provide guidance (5) ______ sustainable gardening practices, composting techniques, and pest management. Their knowledge would prove invaluable to ensuring the project’s long-term success.

Your support would make a tremendous difference to our community. I would be delighted to discuss this further and (6) ______ any questions you might have about the project scope, timeline, or volunteer requirements.

Thank you for considering our request. I eagerly await your response.

Warm regards,

Sarah Mitchell

Community Garden Project Coordinator

(Adapted from volunteer coordination correspondence)

Question 1. A. host                        B. batch                C. array                D. suite

Question 2. A. take on                B. carry out                C. bring about        D. see through

Question 3. A. so that                B. provided that        C. in order that        D. on condition that

Question 4. A. essential basic various                        B. various essential basic

C.  basic various essential                        D. various basic essential

Question 5. A. on                        B. with                        C. over                D. about

Question 6. A. address                B. tackle                C. handle                D. resolve

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a cohesive and coherent exchange or text in each of the following questions from 7 to 11.

Question 7.   a. Local authorities recognized this potential and invested in infrastructure improvements, including transportation networks and accommodation facilities near festival venues.

B. Consequently, festival tourism has emerged as a distinctive sector, offering immersive cultural experiences that differentiate Vietnam from regional competitors.

C. Traditional festivals across Vietnam have experienced dramatic growth in tourism significance over the last fifteen years, transforming into major attractions.

D. Preservation initiatives ensured that commercialization did not compromise authentic traditions, with communities maintaining control over ceremonial practices.

e. Simultaneously, sophisticated marketing campaigns showcased these festivals internationally through digital platforms, attracting culturally curious travelers seeking meaningful experiences.

A.  c-e-a-d-b                        B. c-a-e-d-b                        C. c-d-a-e-b                        D. c-a-d-e-b

Question 8.  a. Nathan: I’m almost done with the quarterly report. Would you like me to help you with yours afterward?

B. Rebecca: That would be fantastic! I’m running a bit behind schedule with the data analysis.

C. Nathan: Perfect. Just give me about thirty minutes, and then I’m all yours.

A.  a-c-b                        B. b-a-c                        C. a-b-c                        D. c-a-b

Question 9.   a. William: Right, yet letters carry emotional depth and nostalgia.

B. Huy: I agree, but emails are instant and easier to organize.

C. Huy: Do you ever send handwritten letters anymore?

D. Huy: Both ways help people connect in their own meaningful manners.

e. William: Rarely. I mostly send emails, but letters feel more heartfelt.

A.  a-b-c-d-e                         B. c-e-b-a-d                         C. b-a-d-c-e                         D. a-c-b-e-d

Question 10. Dear Ms. Rodriguez,

A. Your starting salary will be $4,500 per month with comprehensive health insurance and annual performance bonuses as discussed during your interview.

B. Please sign the attached employment contract and return it to us by November 10th along with copies of your academic certificates.

C. We are thrilled to formally offer you the position of Senior Accountant at Martinez Financial Solutions, commencing on November 20th.

D. Our onboarding programme includes orientation sessions during your first week to familiarize you with company policies and procedures effectively.

e. If you have any concerns or require clarification regarding the terms, please reach out to me directly at patricia.chen@martinez.com.

Best regards,

Patricia Chen

A.  c-a-d-b-e                        B. a-c-d-b-e                        C. c-d-a-b-e                        D. d-c-a-b-e

Question 11. a. Early in my internship, I needed to send an important email to a client regarding project details.

B. I quickly typed up a message, confident that my informal writing style would come across as friendly.

C. This embarrassing mistake became a valuable lesson about professional communication standards in the workplace.

D. However, my supervisor pointed out that my email contained several grammatical errors and was far too casual.

e. Consequently, I started using templates and always proofread my messages multiple times before hitting send.

A.  a-b-d-c-e                        B. c-a-b-d-e                        C. a-d-b-e-c                        D. a-b-d-e-c

Read the following announcement and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 12 to 17.

Thăng Long – Hà Nội Festival 2025

Running throughout November, from the 1st to the 16th, the capital city will host the Thăng Long – Hà Nội Festival 2025 under the inspiring theme "Heritage – Connection – Modernity". This cultural extravaganza promises to deliver approximately 30 diverse activities (12) ______ celebrate Hanoi’s rich historical legacy while embracing contemporary artistic expressions.

Festival Programme

The festival will present a remarkable (13) ______ of events including traditional water puppet performances, contemporary art installations, culinary workshops, and musical concerts featuring both Vietnamese and international artists. Street parades, heritage tours, and interactive exhibitions have been carefully (14) ______ to engage visitors of all ages.

Local authorities are working with cultural organizations (15) ______ mission involves preserving and promoting the capital’s unique identity. The festival offers an excellent opportunity for tourists and residents (16) ______ the harmonious blend of ancient traditions and modern innovation that defines Hanoi today.

This celebration will undoubtedly (17) ______ community pride and strengthen cultural bonds within the metropolitan area.

For the complete schedule, visit https://hanoifestival.vn/

(Adapted from https://tuoitrenews.vn)

Question 12. A. who                B. where                C. when                D. that

Question 13. A. diversity                B. diverse                C. diversify                D. diversely

Question 14. A. mapped out        B. worked out                C. figured out                D. turned out

Question 15. A. at which                B. whose                C. of which                D. in which

Question 16. A. experiencing        B. to experience        C. experience                D. experienced

Question 17. A. strengthen                B. strengthening        C. strength                D. strong

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22.

        The development of the internet changed how people share information, creating rapid channels for news, commerce, and culture. Early networks linked researchers and hobbyists, who exchanged data and ideas across physical distances. (18) _______. By the 1990s commercial providers and browsers made access easier for non-technical users. Email, discussion groups, and simple websites let communities form without geographic constraints. (19) _______. Entrepreneurs and artists took advantage of new audiences while governments and institutions reconsidered regulation and privacy. (20) _______. Technical volunteers documented protocols and best practices, helping newcomers set up servers and mirror files. (21) _______. Over decades, standards bodies, universities, and companies negotiated interoperability so that diverse networks could interconnect. (22) _______.

(Adapted from https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/the-web/20/385/2221)

Question 18. A. It originated as a decentralized collaboration among researchers rather than a commercial product designed for mass consumption

B.  The network developed through informal cooperation between academics before becoming infrastructure for entertainment and commerce

C.  These early systems emerged from scientific partnerships focused on data exchange rather than public accessibility or profit

D.  The initial networks connected technical specialists pursuing research objectives rather than serving general public interests

Question 19. A. While these communication tools expanded potential reach, they simultaneously generated debates about content oversight and privacy protection

B.  Although networking capabilities increased connectivity, users could immediately trust information sources without verification procedures

C.  As online tools proliferated, international regulations quickly standardized data protection across jurisdictions without significant controversy

D.  Despite limited bandwidth improvements, organizations increasingly digitized paper archives to enable remote access by distributed users

Question 20. A. Technical volunteers and academic contributors frequently took leadership roles in maintaining protocols before profitable commercial models emerged

B.  Regulatory agencies established centralized governance structures to manage domain assignments and internet traffic from inception

C.  Commercial enterprises controlled critical infrastructure early, preventing grassroots initiatives from achieving scale or sharing standards

D.  Individual users preferred traditional postal services, so internet adoption remained limited to specialized professional applications

Question 21. A. Coordinating technical standards require extensive compromise, with international working groups publishing recommendations adopted worldwide

B.  Establishing protocol specifications demanded consensus-building among diverse stakeholders who developed guidelines through collaborative processes

C.  Creating interoperability frameworks necessitated negotiation between competing interests that ultimately produce widely-accepted technical standards

D.  Developing communication protocols involved deliberation among multiple parties which formulated specifications through iterative consultation

Question 22. A. Interoperability depends on transparent specifications, open dialogue among stakeholders, with incremental compatibility testing between systems

B.  Network compatibility will require clear documentation, inclusive participation in standards development, and systematic evaluation across platforms

C.  System integration relies on published protocols, collaborative decision-making processes, and gradual implementation across diverse networks

D.  Technical interoperability necessitating explicit guidelines, whose collective governance mechanisms, and progressive verification of cross-system functionality

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

        Founded in 2013, the Internet Society (ISOC) Zimbabwe Chapter works to grow the Internet, make it stronger, and empower communities. Through community networks, it has connected the unconnected and, crucially, used research evidence to inform policy and practice. With a US$79,000 grant for e-waste research, the chapter now confronts a burgeoning dilemma: devices proliferate while lifespans contract. If inclusion is to matter, institutions must be capacitated and regulatory design must keep pace, or progress will be proclaimed yet unevenly enjoyed.

        Over the past decade, device adoption surged; lifespans dwindled; discards piled up in landfills. Because boards contain valuable metals, an informal economy extracts and recycles them with rudimentary methods that endanger workers and ecosystems. Lacking specific legislation, Zimbabwe relies on fragmented rules that are rarely enforced. ISOC Zimbabwe aims to raise awareness, improve management practices, and rally policymakers to act. Informal recyclers often burn or leach components; they frequently lack protective equipment, so exposure is chronic if nothing changes.

        To widen perspective, ISOC Zimbabwe collaborates with the Center for Advanced Research in Global Communication. The project follows the value chain from extractive mines in South Greenland and Zimbabwe to Amazon data centres, evaluating energy and waste politics in Virginia and California, and tracing transnational dumping in US–Mexico landfills. What seems benign in the cloud is entangled with material costs, political bargaining, and externalised risk. Only when flows are mapped can responsibility be apportioned credibly.

        The partnership will share data and convene a joint symposium to seed evidence-based practice. It also seeks to inform policies that regulate import, reuse, and recycling, so hazardous steps are no longer normalised. Only by aligning policy, research, and grassroots practice will Zimbabwe escape a cycle where hazard is outsourced to the poorest. If such coordination emerges, safer livelihoods could be created, and environmental harm would be amortised rather than concentrated. Otherwise, short device lifespans will keep generating harm faster than fixes.

(Adapted from Internet Society Foundation  –  “The Future of E-waste in Africa” (2021), interview on ISOC Zimbabwe’s project)

Question 23. The word burgeoning in paragraph 1 can be best replaced by ______?

A.  static                B. proliferating                C. obsolete                        D. tentative

Question 24. Which of the following is TRUE according to paragraph 1?

A.  The grant funds rural water schemes rather than e-waste research.

B.  ISOC Zimbabwe focuses exclusively on government training programs.

C.  The chapter avoids research in favor of rapid activism.

D.  Research evidence is used to inform policy and practice.

Question 25. The word benign in paragraph 3 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.

A.  innocuous                B. noxious                        C. salubrious                        D. beneficial

Question 26. The word they in paragraph 2 refers to ______.

A.  informal recyclers extracting metals with rudimentary methods

B.  national policymakers drafting electronics rules

C.  importers of refurbished phones and chargers

D.  data-center operators in Virginia and California

Question 27. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 2 as an aim of the study?

A.  establishing a commercial export hub for second-hand electronics to maximise profits from cross-border resale markets

B.  raising public awareness of health and environmental harms associated with unsafe, informal e-waste processing methods

C.  improving practical e-waste management routines and promoting safer recovery techniques within affected communities nationwide

D.  appealing to policymakers to develop clear legislation regulating import, reuse, recycling, and disposal of electronic devices

Question 28. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4?

A.  Zimbabwe can break the pattern of exporting risks to marginalized groups solely through integrated policy, research, and community action.

B.  Comprehensive coordination among policymakers, researchers, and practitioners is necessary to prevent hazards from disproportionately affecting the poor.

C.  Zimbabwe stops shifting hazardous burdens onto the vulnerable only when policy, evidence, and local practice are fully coordinated.

D.  Aligning governance, evidence, and local engagement offers the only viable path to ending the displacement of e-waste dangers onto vulnerable populations.

Question 29. Which paragraph mentions global tracking from mines to data centres and US–Mexico landfills?

A.  Paragraph 1        B. Paragraph 2                C. Paragraph 3                D. Paragraph 4

Question 30. Which paragraph mentions the founding year and mission areas of ISOC Zimbabwe?
A. Paragraph 1        B. Paragraph 2                C. Paragraph 3                D. Paragraph 4

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

        Human microbiome science promises therapies for chronic conditions ranging from inflammatory bowel disease to diabetes. Yet collecting microbiome samples from Indigenous communities is shadowed by exploitation and exclusion from benefits. An emerging coalition argues for a relational framework to reconfigure ownership, consent, and benefit-sharing so participation becomes co-governed rather than extractive. [I] By foregrounding community priorities, the framework aims to rectify entrenched inequities that have long privileged Western medicine while sidelining Indigenous interests and knowledges.

        Scholars note that microbes associated with Indigenous peoples have been framed as valuable resources to restore lost microbial diversity and treat chronic disease in industrialized populations; however, such projects frequently decenter the very communities whose data make them possible. [II] As Alyssa Bader and colleagues contend, the problem is not curiosity but governance: research trajectories can be clinically promising yet ethically misaligned when community needs, terms of participation, and future benefits are not centered from the outset.

        To counter this drift, the proposed framework anchors microbiome work in the Indigenous principle of relationality, emphasizing mutual obligations among people, data, lands, and non-humans. [III] This includes ensuring Indigenous partners lead in formulating questions, co-designing consent and data protocols, and interpreting and communicating findings. In practice, deep collaboration means sovereignty is upheld through community-controlled repositories, culturally grounded consent processes, and transparent data stewardship, so that impact is defined with, not for, communities.

        Microbiome ownership, then, is less about exclusive property than about situated stewardship and fair return. [IV] Ethical practice requires clear benefit-sharing, community governance over sample use, and data access rules that honor provenance and protect against future misuse. The “Nature Microbiology” perspective pieces develop these commitments into operational guidance, urging researchers and institutions to institutionalize co-governance, track benefits over time, and avoid extractive logics masquerading as innovation.

(Adapted from McGill University Newsroom, “A relational framework for microbiome research that includes Indigenous communities”)

Question 31. The word rectify in paragraph 1 mostly means ______.

A.  loosely palliative                                        B. merely cosmetic

C.  effectively remedial                                D. purely symbolic

Question 32. Where in the passage does the following sentence best fit?

Yet without governance grounded in sovereignty, benefit-sharing easily becomes perfunctory rather than transformative.

A.  [I]                        B. [II]                                C. [III]                                D. [IV]

Question 33. Which of the following best summarises paragraph 2?

A.  Indigenous-linked microbes are valorised for therapies, yet projects sideline communities, revealing clinically promising but ethically misaligned research pathways.

B.  Technical obstacles impede data analysis, so scientists postpone fieldwork until new sequencing platforms mature.

C.  Community leaders reject microbiome studies entirely, preventing any collaboration with external institutions or laboratories.

D.  Funding shortfalls alone explain why benefit-sharing agreements have not materialised despite widespread consent.

Question 34. What principle guides the framework?

A.  market reciprocity incentives                        B. methodological individualism

C.  precautionary commercialization                        D. relationality in Indigenous ethics

Question 35. According to paragraph 3, research teams should guarantee ______ before any sampling begins.

A.  publicity rights and branded acknowledgments across all future research outputs

B.  Indigenous decision authority through consent, governance, and results interpretation structures

C.  exclusive licensing of all potential therapies in perpetuity to communities

D.  royalty payments fixed at a universal rate for all studies

Question 36. What does “microbiome ownership” primarily entail in this passage?

A.  legal title transferring complete control to universities and national biobanks forever

B.  open-sourcing all data globally despite provenance and cultural obligations concerns

C.  shared stewardship of samples, access rules, and fair, trackable benefit distribution

D.  short-term material transfers enabling rapid trials, with later negotiations as needed

Question 37. The phrase such projects in paragraph 2 refers to ______.

A.  chronic disease programs                        B. community consent policies

C.  industrial hygiene protocols                        D. Indigenous microbiome projects

Question 38. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

A.  If publication authorship lists include community members, ownership questions are automatically resolved for future uses.

B.  Once anonymized, microbiome data cease to carry cultural meaning and need no governance at all.

C.  Clinical efficacy alone is sufficient to justify sample reuse across unrelated projects without renewed consultation.

D.  Without co-governance, successful applications may reproduce extraction, leaving communities with little control, unclear benefits, and possible downstream harms.

Question 39. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 3?

This includes ensuring Indigenous partners lead in formulating questions, co-designing consent and data protocols, and interpreting and communicating findings.

A.  Researchers should seek community feedback only after experiments conclude, mainly about writing style and media outreach strategies for publication.

B.  Consent documents should be simplified while scientists retain final say on methods and interpretations to maintain research rigor and validity.

C.  Indigenous partners must steer the agenda – from questions to consent to analysis – and share authority over how findings are explained publicly.

D.  External ethics boards, not communities, should verify anonymization before public dissemination occurs to ensure compliance with privacy regulations.

Question 40. Which of the following best summarises the passage?

A.  Microbiome science fails because current sequencing technologies remain prohibitively expensive for remote field sites.

B.  Benefit-sharing cannot work in practice, so communities should avoid microbiome research altogether.

C.  A relational, sovereignty-respecting framework redefines microbiome ownership through co-governance, consent, data stewardship, and equitable benefits for Indigenous communities.

D.  International journals already impose sufficient rules; additional community governance would unnecessarily slow discovery.