Question 5: A. Within this collective shifting, the truest hope for our planet's future resides in the mindset B. It is within this collecti...

Question 19: What is noted about the scale of pollution from a fuel company's consumed products?
A. Its significant but steadily decreasing impact on the company's overall emissions.
B. Its potential to constitute the vast majority of the firm's total pollution.
C. Its specific mention within recent UN guidelines on corporate greenwashing.
D. Its central focus in the national net-zero targets reviewed by Science.

Question 20: What is the stated purpose of establishing immediate goals for emission reduction?
A. To align corporate pledges with the stringent new guidelines issued by the UN.
B. To address the pervasive and widespread failure to account for Scope 3 emissions.
C. To bridge the credibility gap between corporate rhetoric and the reality of action.
D. To enforce responsibility and deter any delays in taking concrete climate action.

Question 21: Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

A. For a typical fossil fuel company, the vast majority of its carbon footprint comes from emissions generated by the final consumption of its products.

B. The fossil fuel firms analyzed in the report have demonstrated no genuine intention of transitioning their core business models away from resource extraction.

C. The failure of corporate net-zero pledges can be partly attributed to the ambiguous and unenforceable nature of the guidelines issued by the United Nations.

D. The gap between stated net-zero ambitions and credible implementation plans is a pervasive issue found at both the corporate and national levels.

Question 22: Where in the passage does the following sentence best fit?

Ignoring this principal emission source is a critical, fatal flaw.

A. [IV] B. [III] C. [II] D. [I]

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 5.

Seldom has the need to protect our planet's delicate ecosystems been more urgent or more widely acknowledged. At this critical juncture, governments and corporations face a watershed moment: they can either cling to outdated, profit-driven models, make superficial gestures of environmentalism, or (1) ______. The path chosen now will irrevocably shape the world for generations to come.

The obstacles to meaningful conservation stem not only from the scarcity of financial resources and advanced technology but also (2) ______. Ambitious targets are often set at international conferences, with vast sums allocated to various projects. (3) ______. The ancestral knowledge and daily stewardship of indigenous communities are invaluable assets, yet they are too often sidelined in policymaking.

Looking ahead, the path toward meaningful conservation must be paved with more than just good intentions and legislative ink. Robust international policies can certainly regulate industries and protect vast ecosystems, (4) ______. This cultivation of a shared environmental ethic is what animates policy, transforming it from a distant concept into a collective human endeavor. (5) ______.

(Adapted from ScienceDirect)

Question 1:
A. a fundamental commitment to embracing the redesign of our economic relationship with nature
B. redesigning our economic relationship with nature is a fundamental commitment to be embraced
C. of committing to a fundamental embrace of our economic relationship with nature's redesign
D. embrace a fundamental commitment to redesigning our economic relationship with nature

Question 2:
A. within political and corporate spheres is a deep-seated resistance to change
B. from the deep-seated resistance to change within political and corporate spheres
C. on account of the deep-seated changing resistance within political and corporate spheres
D. the political and corporate spheres, from which resist changes in a deep-seated way

Question 3:
A. Genuine local support, nevertheless, frequently proves these top-down efforts ineffective
B. Without genuine local support, these top-down efforts' ineffectiveness is frequently proven
C. Frequently, efforts to prove these top-down are ineffective, supported with local genuineness
D. However, these top-down efforts frequently prove ineffective without genuine local support

Question 4:
A. or their sterility and ineffectiveness remain corresponded without a public consciousness shift
B. so a corresponding shift in the public consciousness is not without being sterile and ineffective
C. yet they remain sterile and ineffective without a corresponding shift in the public consciousness
D. if the corresponding shift which is publicly conscious, does not remain sterile and ineffective

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 6 to 13.

Primary education systems across the West are in a state of profound disagreement over the teaching of reading. For decades, the prevailing doctrine on how to teach children to read was dominated by a "balanced literacy" approach. That consensus is now imploding. A growing body of evidence, drawn from cognitive neuroscience, indicates these popular methods are fundamentally flawed and failing a substantial portion of students. The fallout is forcing a non-optional, systemic overhaul of curricula and challenging long-held beliefs about learning.

The repudiated methods, often grouped under names like "whole language," operated on a mistaken assumption that learning to read is a natural process, similar to learning to speak. Children were actively encouraged to use contextual cues, sentence structure, or accompanying pictures to guess at unfamiliar words. This practice, critics contend, diverted attention from the text itself. It inadvertently trained students to scan and predict rather than to meticulously decode the phonemes on the page, leaving many without the tools to read proficiently.

In response, a movement known as the "Science of Reading" has gained immense political and academic traction. This is not an invention but a compendium of established research. It posits that reading is a complex, acquired skill that must be explicitly taught. The methodology emphasizes systematic phonics—the direct, sequential instruction of sound-letter correspondence. Proponents argue this is the only reliable way to build the neurological pathways required for fluent, automatic word recognition, particularly for students who struggle.

Adopting these new standards is proving neither smooth nor universally celebrated. School districts are spending millions to procure new, phonics-aligned materials. Veteran educators, long trained in balanced literacy, are now required to undergo intensive retraining, with some lamenting the new model as rigid and joyless. They fear its mechanical focus on decoding will stifle a student's genuine desire to read for pleasure. It is a deeply contentious and costly transition, representing a fundamental battle over the very philosophy of how children learn.

(Adapted from Education Next)

Question 6: The word imploding in paragraph 1 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.
A. expanding B. shifting C. emerging D. strengthening

Question 18: The word their in paragraph 3 refers to ______.
A. researchers B. analysis C. companies D. guidelines